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ENGLISH 8 REVIEWER

LESSON 1: LINEAR TEXTS

  • written in a traditional way

  • no aid of graphics

  • paragraph

  • read from left to right, beginning to end

  • sequential/in order

EXAMPLES: novels, short stories, textbooks, news articles, poems, letters (electronics: blogs and emails)


LESSON 2: NON-LINEAR TEXTS

  • represented using different kinds of charts and graphs

  • readers decide where to start reading

  • non-sequential

> TYPES OF NON-LINEAR TEXTS:

  • Line graphs: represented using lines, used to record and present changes in data over a period of time.

  • Bar graphs: represented using bars, shows different values, same as line graph

  • Pie charts: a circular chart that is divided into fractions used to present proportions out of the whole

  • Tables: data is usually placed in rows and columns.

  • Venn diagram: uses overlapping ovals to show the relationship between topics discussed in a text

  • Flow chart: organizes the sequence, process, connection, and relationship between people, places, things, or ideas through the use of lines

  • Graphic organizer: good for cause and effects

  • Fishbone map: same as graphic organizer, good for cause and effect, looks like a fish

  • Pictograph: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols

  • Concept map: form of graphic organizer, is an illustration of an important idea, accompanied by its specific characteristics.

  • Tree diagram: visual way of representing a hierarchy

  • Map: shows the physical features, characteristics and dimensions of a landmass or water features of a specific area. 

  • Cycle of Events: recurring cycle of events, with no beginning and no end

  • Continuum/Timeline: definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between

  • Spider map: involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas

  • Cloud/Cluster: involves generating a web of ideas based on a stimulus topic

  • Gantt chart: used in project management to illustrate schedules, tasks, and dependencies

  • Infographic: combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information


LESSON 3: THE RAMAYANA: EPIC

> CHARACTERS:

  • Rama: son of King Dasharatha and Kausalya, prince of Ayodya, Avatara of Vishnu

  • Sita: daughter of King Janak, regarded as avatara of goddess Lakshmi

  • Ravana: rakshasa, performed penance for the God Siva for many years, ten heads

  • Lakshmana: son of King Dasharatha and Sumitra, devoted brother of Rama

  • King Dasharatha: king of Ayodhya, father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna

  • Viswamitra: great sage and wise man, takes Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana

  • Ganga: goddess, daughter of Himava, became the Milky Way, Ganges River

  • Siva: part of the great trinity in Hinduism, great ascetic, can tame powers of others

  • Lava: one of the youths to who Valmiki taught the Ramayana

  • Kaikeyi: second and youngest wife, mother of Bharata, had an oath with Dasharatha

  • Sumitra: third wife, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna

  • Kausalya: first wife, mother of Rama, kind and wise

  • Bharata: son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi, tries to undo the damage from Kaikeyi

  • Shurpanakha: sister of Ravana, tried to seduce Rama

> TERMS:

  • Adharma: evil, not according to dharma

  • Dharma: good, truth, justice, duty

  • Anjali: an offering

  • Artha: wealth, possessions, one of the four goals in life (dharma, kama, moksha)

  • Moksha: freedom from the eternal cycle, death, and rebirth

  • Avatara: incarnation of a god

  • Bhakti: love, devotion (devoted person is called: Bhakta)

  • Brahmana: member of the priestly class (Bhraman)

  • Incarnation: person who embodies a god in the flesh

> THEMES:

  • Romantic Love: Sita and Rama

  • The Perfect Man: Rama

  • Dharma: truth, justice, duty

  • Brotherly Love: Lakshmana

  • Good and Evil: human/god against rakshana

  • Combat: battles

  • Human and Divine: major theme, Rama incarnation

  • Sacrifice and Suffering

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ENGLISH 8 REVIEWER

LESSON 1: LINEAR TEXTS

  • written in a traditional way

  • no aid of graphics

  • paragraph

  • read from left to right, beginning to end

  • sequential/in order

EXAMPLES: novels, short stories, textbooks, news articles, poems, letters (electronics: blogs and emails)


LESSON 2: NON-LINEAR TEXTS

  • represented using different kinds of charts and graphs

  • readers decide where to start reading

  • non-sequential

> TYPES OF NON-LINEAR TEXTS:

  • Line graphs: represented using lines, used to record and present changes in data over a period of time.

  • Bar graphs: represented using bars, shows different values, same as line graph

  • Pie charts: a circular chart that is divided into fractions used to present proportions out of the whole

  • Tables: data is usually placed in rows and columns.

  • Venn diagram: uses overlapping ovals to show the relationship between topics discussed in a text

  • Flow chart: organizes the sequence, process, connection, and relationship between people, places, things, or ideas through the use of lines

  • Graphic organizer: good for cause and effects

  • Fishbone map: same as graphic organizer, good for cause and effect, looks like a fish

  • Pictograph: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols

  • Concept map: form of graphic organizer, is an illustration of an important idea, accompanied by its specific characteristics.

  • Tree diagram: visual way of representing a hierarchy

  • Map: shows the physical features, characteristics and dimensions of a landmass or water features of a specific area. 

  • Cycle of Events: recurring cycle of events, with no beginning and no end

  • Continuum/Timeline: definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between

  • Spider map: involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas

  • Cloud/Cluster: involves generating a web of ideas based on a stimulus topic

  • Gantt chart: used in project management to illustrate schedules, tasks, and dependencies

  • Infographic: combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information


LESSON 3: THE RAMAYANA: EPIC

> CHARACTERS:

  • Rama: son of King Dasharatha and Kausalya, prince of Ayodya, Avatara of Vishnu

  • Sita: daughter of King Janak, regarded as avatara of goddess Lakshmi

  • Ravana: rakshasa, performed penance for the God Siva for many years, ten heads

  • Lakshmana: son of King Dasharatha and Sumitra, devoted brother of Rama

  • King Dasharatha: king of Ayodhya, father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna

  • Viswamitra: great sage and wise man, takes Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana

  • Ganga: goddess, daughter of Himava, became the Milky Way, Ganges River

  • Siva: part of the great trinity in Hinduism, great ascetic, can tame powers of others

  • Lava: one of the youths to who Valmiki taught the Ramayana

  • Kaikeyi: second and youngest wife, mother of Bharata, had an oath with Dasharatha

  • Sumitra: third wife, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna

  • Kausalya: first wife, mother of Rama, kind and wise

  • Bharata: son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi, tries to undo the damage from Kaikeyi

  • Shurpanakha: sister of Ravana, tried to seduce Rama

> TERMS:

  • Adharma: evil, not according to dharma

  • Dharma: good, truth, justice, duty

  • Anjali: an offering

  • Artha: wealth, possessions, one of the four goals in life (dharma, kama, moksha)

  • Moksha: freedom from the eternal cycle, death, and rebirth

  • Avatara: incarnation of a god

  • Bhakti: love, devotion (devoted person is called: Bhakta)

  • Brahmana: member of the priestly class (Bhraman)

  • Incarnation: person who embodies a god in the flesh

> THEMES:

  • Romantic Love: Sita and Rama

  • The Perfect Man: Rama

  • Dharma: truth, justice, duty

  • Brotherly Love: Lakshmana

  • Good and Evil: human/god against rakshana

  • Combat: battles

  • Human and Divine: major theme, Rama incarnation

  • Sacrifice and Suffering

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