LESSON 1: LINEAR TEXTS

• written in a traditional way

• no aid of graphics

• paragraph

• read from left to right, beginning to end

• sequential/in order

EXAMPLES: novels, short stories, textbooks, news articles, poems, letters (electronics: blogs and emails)

LESSON 2: NON-LINEAR TEXTS

• represented using different kinds of charts and graphs

• readers decide where to start reading

• non-sequential

> TYPES OF NON-LINEAR TEXTS:

• Line graphs: represented using lines, used to record and present changes in data over a period of time.

• Bar graphs: represented using bars, shows different values, same as line graph

• Pie charts: a circular chart that is divided into fractions used to present proportions out of the whole

• Tables: data is usually placed in rows and columns.

• Venn diagram: uses overlapping ovals to show the relationship between topics discussed in a text

• Flow chart: organizes the sequence, process, connection, and relationship between people, places, things, or ideas through the use of lines

• Graphic organizer: good for cause and effects

• Fishbone map: same as graphic organizer, good for cause and effect, looks like a fish

• Pictograph: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols

• Concept map: form of graphic organizer, is an illustration of an important idea, accompanied by its specific characteristics.

• Tree diagram: visual way of representing a hierarchy

• Map: shows the physical features, characteristics and dimensions of a landmass or water features of a specific area. 

• Cycle of Events: recurring cycle of events, with no beginning and no end

• Continuum/Timeline: definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between

• Spider map: involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas

• Cloud/Cluster: involves generating a web of ideas based on a stimulus topic

• Gantt chart: used in project management to illustrate schedules, tasks, and dependencies

• Infographic: combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information

LESSON 3: THE RAMAYANA: EPIC

> CHARACTERS:

• Rama: son of King Dasharatha and Kausalya, prince of Ayodya, Avatara of Vishnu

• Sita: daughter of King Janak, regarded as avatara of goddess Lakshmi

• Ravana: rakshasa, performed penance for the God Siva for many years, ten heads

• Lakshmana: son of King Dasharatha and Sumitra, devoted brother of Rama

• King Dasharatha: king of Ayodhya, father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna

• Viswamitra: great sage and wise man, takes Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana

• Ganga: goddess, daughter of Himava, became the Milky Way, Ganges River

• Siva: part of the great trinity in Hinduism, great ascetic, can tame powers of others

• Lava: one of the youths to who Valmiki taught the Ramayana

• Kaikeyi: second and youngest wife, mother of Bharata, had an oath with Dasharatha

• Sumitra: third wife, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna

• Kausalya: first wife, mother of Rama, kind and wise

• Bharata: son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi, tries to undo the damage from Kaikeyi

• Shurpanakha: sister of Ravana, tried to seduce Rama

> TERMS:

• Adharma: evil, not according to dharma

• Dharma: good, truth, justice, duty

• Anjali: an offering

• Artha: wealth, possessions, one of the four goals in life (dharma, kama, moksha)

• Moksha: freedom from the eternal cycle, death, and rebirth

• Avatara: incarnation of a god

• Bhakti: love, devotion (devoted person is called: Bhakta)

• Brahmana: member of the priestly class (Bhraman)

• Incarnation: person who embodies a god in the flesh

> THEMES:

• Romantic Love: Sita and Rama

• The Perfect Man: Rama

• Dharma: truth, justice, duty

• Brotherly Love: Lakshmana

• Good and Evil: human/god against rakshana

• Combat: battles

• Human and Divine: major theme, Rama incarnation

• Sacrifice and Suffering