ENGLISH 8 REVIEWER
LESSON 1: LINEAR TEXTS
written in a traditional way
no aid of graphics
paragraph
read from left to right, beginning to end
sequential/in order
EXAMPLES: novels, short stories, textbooks, news articles, poems, letters (electronics: blogs and emails)
LESSON 2: NON-LINEAR TEXTS
represented using different kinds of charts and graphs
readers decide where to start reading
non-sequential
> TYPES OF NON-LINEAR TEXTS:
Line graphs: represented using lines, used to record and present changes in data over a period of time.
Bar graphs: represented using bars, shows different values, same as line graph
Pie charts: a circular chart that is divided into fractions used to present proportions out of the whole
Tables: data is usually placed in rows and columns.
Venn diagram: uses overlapping ovals to show the relationship between topics discussed in a text
Flow chart: organizes the sequence, process, connection, and relationship between people, places, things, or ideas through the use of lines
Graphic organizer: good for cause and effects
Fishbone map: same as graphic organizer, good for cause and effect, looks like a fish
Pictograph: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols
Concept map: form of graphic organizer, is an illustration of an important idea, accompanied by its specific characteristics.
Tree diagram: visual way of representing a hierarchy
Map: shows the physical features, characteristics and dimensions of a landmass or water features of a specific area.
Cycle of Events: recurring cycle of events, with no beginning and no end
Continuum/Timeline: definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between
Spider map: involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas
Cloud/Cluster: involves generating a web of ideas based on a stimulus topic
Gantt chart: used in project management to illustrate schedules, tasks, and dependencies
Infographic: combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information
LESSON 3: THE RAMAYANA: EPIC
> CHARACTERS:
Rama: son of King Dasharatha and Kausalya, prince of Ayodya, Avatara of Vishnu
Sita: daughter of King Janak, regarded as avatara of goddess Lakshmi
Ravana: rakshasa, performed penance for the God Siva for many years, ten heads
Lakshmana: son of King Dasharatha and Sumitra, devoted brother of Rama
King Dasharatha: king of Ayodhya, father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna
Viswamitra: great sage and wise man, takes Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana
Ganga: goddess, daughter of Himava, became the Milky Way, Ganges River
Siva: part of the great trinity in Hinduism, great ascetic, can tame powers of others
Lava: one of the youths to who Valmiki taught the Ramayana
Kaikeyi: second and youngest wife, mother of Bharata, had an oath with Dasharatha
Sumitra: third wife, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna
Kausalya: first wife, mother of Rama, kind and wise
Bharata: son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi, tries to undo the damage from Kaikeyi
Shurpanakha: sister of Ravana, tried to seduce Rama
> TERMS:
Adharma: evil, not according to dharma
Dharma: good, truth, justice, duty
Anjali: an offering
Artha: wealth, possessions, one of the four goals in life (dharma, kama, moksha)
Moksha: freedom from the eternal cycle, death, and rebirth
Avatara: incarnation of a god
Bhakti: love, devotion (devoted person is called: Bhakta)
Brahmana: member of the priestly class (Bhraman)
Incarnation: person who embodies a god in the flesh
> THEMES:
Romantic Love: Sita and Rama
The Perfect Man: Rama
Dharma: truth, justice, duty
Brotherly Love: Lakshmana
Good and Evil: human/god against rakshana
Combat: battles
Human and Divine: major theme, Rama incarnation
Sacrifice and Suffering
LESSON 1: LINEAR TEXTS
written in a traditional way
no aid of graphics
paragraph
read from left to right, beginning to end
sequential/in order
EXAMPLES: novels, short stories, textbooks, news articles, poems, letters (electronics: blogs and emails)
LESSON 2: NON-LINEAR TEXTS
represented using different kinds of charts and graphs
readers decide where to start reading
non-sequential
> TYPES OF NON-LINEAR TEXTS:
Line graphs: represented using lines, used to record and present changes in data over a period of time.
Bar graphs: represented using bars, shows different values, same as line graph
Pie charts: a circular chart that is divided into fractions used to present proportions out of the whole
Tables: data is usually placed in rows and columns.
Venn diagram: uses overlapping ovals to show the relationship between topics discussed in a text
Flow chart: organizes the sequence, process, connection, and relationship between people, places, things, or ideas through the use of lines
Graphic organizer: good for cause and effects
Fishbone map: same as graphic organizer, good for cause and effect, looks like a fish
Pictograph: pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols
Concept map: form of graphic organizer, is an illustration of an important idea, accompanied by its specific characteristics.
Tree diagram: visual way of representing a hierarchy
Map: shows the physical features, characteristics and dimensions of a landmass or water features of a specific area.
Cycle of Events: recurring cycle of events, with no beginning and no end
Continuum/Timeline: definite beginning and ending points, and a number of divisions or sequences in between
Spider map: involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic, and then obtaining more details on each of these ideas
Cloud/Cluster: involves generating a web of ideas based on a stimulus topic
Gantt chart: used in project management to illustrate schedules, tasks, and dependencies
Infographic: combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information
LESSON 3: THE RAMAYANA: EPIC
> CHARACTERS:
Rama: son of King Dasharatha and Kausalya, prince of Ayodya, Avatara of Vishnu
Sita: daughter of King Janak, regarded as avatara of goddess Lakshmi
Ravana: rakshasa, performed penance for the God Siva for many years, ten heads
Lakshmana: son of King Dasharatha and Sumitra, devoted brother of Rama
King Dasharatha: king of Ayodhya, father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna
Viswamitra: great sage and wise man, takes Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana
Ganga: goddess, daughter of Himava, became the Milky Way, Ganges River
Siva: part of the great trinity in Hinduism, great ascetic, can tame powers of others
Lava: one of the youths to who Valmiki taught the Ramayana
Kaikeyi: second and youngest wife, mother of Bharata, had an oath with Dasharatha
Sumitra: third wife, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna
Kausalya: first wife, mother of Rama, kind and wise
Bharata: son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi, tries to undo the damage from Kaikeyi
Shurpanakha: sister of Ravana, tried to seduce Rama
> TERMS:
Adharma: evil, not according to dharma
Dharma: good, truth, justice, duty
Anjali: an offering
Artha: wealth, possessions, one of the four goals in life (dharma, kama, moksha)
Moksha: freedom from the eternal cycle, death, and rebirth
Avatara: incarnation of a god
Bhakti: love, devotion (devoted person is called: Bhakta)
Brahmana: member of the priestly class (Bhraman)
Incarnation: person who embodies a god in the flesh
> THEMES:
Romantic Love: Sita and Rama
The Perfect Man: Rama
Dharma: truth, justice, duty
Brotherly Love: Lakshmana
Good and Evil: human/god against rakshana
Combat: battles
Human and Divine: major theme, Rama incarnation
Sacrifice and Suffering