- Physiological - E.g., eye tracking technology, heart rate, etc. - can't be used for everything, there may be some things we can't measure this way

○ E.g., eye tracking technology, heart rate, etc.

Rights of research participants - Do good and avoid harm, Responsibility, Integrity, Justice

Informed consent: participants' informed, rational, voluntary agreement to participate

o Minors cannot legally consent; instead, they provide assent

Confidentiality: responses will not be shared with others

Information about the results

Treatment

Respect for autonomy

Consent procedures with children

Chapter 2

Genetic counseling

- Helps with risk determination

Recommended when:

○ There is a family history of heritable disorders

○ Mother is over the age of 35

○ Fetal development appears abnormal

○ Parents are members of an ethnicity at risk for particular genetic disorders

Genetic screening and blood tests

Determining how to proceed

Sex selection

Select sex of fetus

Ratio imbalances

Prohibited in many countries

Value of male vs. female

What if this expanded to other characteristics?

Methods used for prenatal diagnosis

Reproductive technologies

Artificial insemination ($300-$1,000+)

○ Injection of sperm into a woman

In vitro fertilization ($12,400+)

○ Hormones stimulate maturation of several ova

○ Ova are surgically removed

○ Fertilized in a petri dish with sperm

○ Cluster of cells implanted in woman's uterus

Surrogacy ($100,000+)

Adoption

Reasons for choosing adoption- Same reasons as people who have biological children, Valuing family ties, desire to be a parent, etc.

Parental education and income - Typically, higher parental education and income

Adoption and child outcomes

- Adoptive children tend to spend more time with parents and have more educational resources

- Adoptive children can have academic and behavioral challenges

- Mistreatment experience pre-adoption can influence adjustment

- Quality of the adoptive parent-child relationship influences outcomes

Foster care

Chapter 3

Three stages of prenatal development

1. Germinal period (0-2 weeks) – begins at fertilizations and zygote begins cell division and creation of blastocyst

2. The embryonic period (3-8 weeks) Support structures that form after the embryo develops:

Amnion: A membrane that holds amniotic fluid

Placenta: A principal organ of exchange between the mother and developing organism

Neural tube: Will develop into the central nervous system

3. The fetal period ( 9 weeks birth) - grows rapidly, organs become more complex and functional Lanugo: Fine, down-like hair that covers a fetus' body

Vernix caseosa: Greasy coating that protects fetal skin

Age of viability = 22 weeks

Three layers of the embryonic disc - early cell structure of embryo develops into layers

Ectoderm: upper layer; becomes skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and nervous system
Endoderm: lower layer; becomes digestive system, liver, lungs, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system
Mesoderm: middle layer; forms later; becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs

Vernix caseosa - Greasy coating that protects fetal skin

Lanugo - Fine, down-like hair that covers a fetus' body

Age of viability- 22 weeks

Teratogens - Agents that causes damage to prenatal development

Principles of teratology

Critical Periods
- Certain periods in which the developing organism is more susceptible to damage (e.g., embryonic period)
Dose
- Amount of exposure influences teratogens' effect (e.g., longer time and quantity= more impacts on development)

3. Individual Differences

o Vulnerability may vary with genetics

o Genetic makeup of mother and prenatal environment can affect the likelihood of exposure to teratogens

4. Complicated Effects

o Same teratogen can have different effects on different people

o Effects can manifest in different ways over time

§ Sleeper Effects: effects of the teratogen appear later in development

Medical and behavioral assessments of newborns