Untitled Flashcards Set

Ottomanism—forming a national identity for the multitude of ethnic groups within the empire

Tanzimat Reforms granted more civil liberties & equalities to non-Muslims

Sultan Selim III (1762-1808) realized that the empire’s losses to Europe were due to a lack of innovation & reform

• attempted to bring in French military advisors in an attempt to reform their military 

Acquire territory for raw materials (Africa & Oceania)

Acquire territory for new markets to sell manufactured goods (Asia)

imperialism: use of power (political, military, or economic) to exert control over another country or territory 

Ali established Egypt as a Khedivate—an independent state of the Ottoman Empire— in 1863 

During the Industrial Revolution, plantation owners in the Americas became wealthy, selling raw materials to the US & Europe for manufacturing - creating single export economies

as the middle class grew wealthier, they demanded luxury goods & fine jewelry-fueled by the discovery of diamond mines in South Africa, & precious metals in the Americas (encouraging single export economies) 

Economic imperialism: businesses bribing individuals or groups in exchange for economic privileges

Bolt-action rifle (faster reload, more accurate) and machine gun

Steamships (faster, better transport & can travel upriver)

Otto von Bismarck organized the Berlin Conference in 1884, & Europeans literally divided Africa amongst themselves for raw materials

the British East India Company, operating with a British charter, managed & controlled most local kingdoms of India since the 18th century

Sepoy Mutiny 1857- Sepoy soldiers rebelled against the East India Company when they heard rumors that the bullets they were using were coated with animal fat

the British govt ruled India directly until 1947; this period in India is referred to as the British Raj

Impact of British Imperialism in India:

• Positive: England built railroads, telegraphs, sewer & water systems, hospitals, & schools

• Negative: England did not allow Indians to govern themselves.

In 1885, Indians demanded self rule & created the Indian National Congress to gain more control over governing IndiaLed by Mahatma Gandhi, India finally gained its independence in 1947

GB had struggled to find a good the Chinese were willing to trade for, & after the discovery of opium in the Middle East, the British had their product.

In response, GB took military action by occupying the Qing Navy during the First Opium War (1839-1842)

Result: England won & forced China to sign a series of unequal trade treaties:

They continued sale of opium to the Chinese & handing over of 5 trade port cities to the British (Hong Kong)

This issue would lead to conflict again during the Second Opium War (1856-1860)-- this time also involving FR on the side of Great GB--with the same result (European victory)

1890s: Europe and Japan divided China into exclusive economic zones known later as the ‘Spheres of Influence’

a group of martial artists known as the ‘Boxers’ to the West rose up in rebellion

Temporarily successful, a joint force of Western forces easily & violently put down the rebels and the Qing gov. forces in 1901

Ultimately a failure, the Boxer Rebellion was one of the largest and greatest challenges to Western imperialism in the 19^th century

While Japan remained closed since the 1630s, in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy arrived in with the intention of opening Japan up to world markets—by force, if necessary

In 1868, many Japanese leaders rebelled & restored Emperor Meiji to power

• Japanese leaders decided to adopt & model as much of their society on the West as possible: industrially, politically, & militaristically

Known as the Iwakura Mission, they sent out officials & students to GB and the US to learn & catalog Western science, manufacturing, military, economics, & culture.

30 years after the Meiji Restoration, Japanese looked to expand & create an imperial empire like the West & Russia—focusing on China & Korea

Seeing China’s weakness in the Opium Wars, Japan went to war with the Qing Dynasty for Chinese Imperial holdings in Korea & Taiwan

Known as the First Sino-Japanese War, the smaller, more modern Japanese army & navy quickly thwarted Qing forces & took Korea and Taiwan for themselves

Russia refused to respect Japan’s claim- leading to the Russo-Japanese War

• Roosevelt helped to negotiate a treaty between the two countries & inspired Japan to modernize & build a large military & navy.

• Russia agrees to give Japan control over Manchuria & Korea

• Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 

Reasons for American Imperialism

• Economic Competition

  • technological advances allowed for production of large quantities of goods.

  • US needed new markets to sell its products & raw materials.
    
    

• Political & Military Competition

  • Other nations est. a global military presence

  • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan advocated for a strong navy to protect shipping routes & proposed military bases be put strategically so ships could refuel..

•  Belief in Racial & Cultural Superiority

  • Some Americans used Social Darwinism to justify Anglo-Saxon (whites of European descent) superiority

  • Argued the U.S had a responsibility to spread Christianity & civilization to the world's “inferior” peoples.