Ryo Kimura

AP Human Geography

Notes

3/19/2024

Unit 1

1. Reference Maps vs. Thematic maps

   1. Reference Maps

      1. Informational and display physical and man-made features

   2. Thematic Maps

      1. Tell a story by showing density and distribution of quantitative data

2. 5 Key ways to map Geospatial Data

   1. Choropleth maps - use colors or shadings

• Dot maps - distribution maps

• Graduated Symbol Maps - uses proportional symbol
  

  • Isoline maps - shows equal value
    

  • Cartograms - distort the appearance of places (Cartoony)
    

1. Absolute vs. Relative (Locations, Distance, and Direction)

   1. Absolute (Quantitative measurement)

   2. Relative (Qualitative Measurement)

2. Patterns and Processes

   1. Clustered (grouped, nucleated, clumped, concentrated)

   2. Dispersed (Distributed, scattered, spread out)

   3. Uniform (evenly Spaced)

   4. Random (no discernible pattern)

3. Map Projection

   1. A map of Earth on a flat surface

   2. Going to have distortion

      1. Conformal projections preserve shapes of land features in exchange for distorting true size

         1. Mercator Projection

      2. Equal area: distort oceans to have accurate size of landmasses

         1. Gall-peters Projection

         2. Goodes Projection

4. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

   1. A computer system that collects stores, and analyzes

5. Remote sensing

   1. Information gathered from satellites orbiting the Earth

6. Satellite Navigation Systems (GPS)

   1. Provide very specific date about an location of an object using Latitude and Longitude

7. Online Mapping and Visualizations

   1. A variety of sources provide online maps for people to analyze data including government, private companies,m and research institutions

8. Field observations

   1. When someone visits a place and records info there

9. Media reports

   1. Use reports from media outlets to help gather info about an area

10. Travel Narratives

    1. Notes and stories about observations made in the field

11. Policy Documents

    1. May look to legislation to gather geographic data

12. Personal interviews

    1. Interview experts to gather info about specific place

13. Landscape Analysis

    1. Process of studying and describing a place

14. Photographic interpretation

    1. Use photographs to find observable data

15. Geospatial Data (Big Data)

    1. Any data that is related to a specific point on Earth

    2. Used by many sources to make decisions

16. Decisions

    1. You (might use a GPS app to find the fastest route)

    2. Company (might use data given by GIS to analyze sites for future projects)

    3. Government (might use to make decisions about urban planning, transportation, and policy-making on funding)

17. Spatial concepts

    1. When geographers refer to space they are talking about the physical gap between two places

18. Absolute Location

    1. Concept of site / Describes a place in terms of Longitude and Latitude

19. Relative Location

    1. Location in relation to other palaces

    2. Helps understand significance of the place

20. Place

    1. A unique and identifiable location with strong distinct characteristics

21. Flows

    1. How different places may interact by having people or information travel between two places

    2. How well different places interact with each other

22. Distance Decay

    1. The Farther away a palace is from another, the less interaction they will have

23. Time-Space Compression

    1. How interconnectedness and technology have reduced the time it takes for a person or idea to get from one place to another

24. Patterns

    1. How are objects arranged in a place

25. Sustainability, Natural Resource and Land use

    1. Sustainability

       1. actions that provide immediate benefits while also preserving resources for future use

    2. Natural Resources

       1. Items produced in nature that can be used by Humans

    3. Land Use

       1. Changing the Earth’s surface for a specific purpose (Industrial, Agricultural, residential, transportation, recreational)

26. Human -Environmental interaction are often called cultural ecology

    1. Culture is defined as “Way of life.”

27. Scale

    1. Scales refer to the size or scope of a phenomenon

28. Scale of Analysis

    1. Many different levels (local, regional, national, and global)

    2. Scales can either hide or review different kinds of information.

    3. Provides focus for research

    4. Various scales interact with each other

    5. Determines the level at which we analyze geographic data

    6. Can inform, change and influence the decisions people make

29. Scale of Analysis in Quantitative and Geospatial Data

    1. Ex: census data to analyze phenomena at different scales

30. Scales of Analysis in Images and Landscapes

    1. Images have limits, such as Population density, you won't be able to know that with the picture alone

31. Scales of Analysis on Pattern

    1. Analyze different phenomena at various scales to see if patterns remain the same or look different depending on which scale is used.

32. Variations in data

    1. May tell a different story than data at another level

    2. This can lead to people drawing contradictory conclusions based on the scale they were using

33. Different interpretations of Data

    1. May reach different conclusions on what scale they are talking about.

34. Regions

    1. Based on one or more distinct characteristics

    2. 3 types of regions

       1. Formal - regions that have physical or human characteristics like language, ethnicity or faith

          1. Ex: California Wine County: Counties that have hundreds of grape vineyards

       2. Functional (Nodal) - regions that have a center of activity unified by transportation or communication networks

          1. Ex: Airline Hubs such as Atlanta and Dallas

       3. Perceptual (Vernacular) - regions are defined differently by each person accordingly, “Fuzzy” boundaries

          1. Ex: “The South" has no boundaries or limitations

       4. Regionalization

          1. Chunking down large area into smaller areas using scales of Analysis to make observations to find patterns and processes

Unit 2

1. Population Densities

   1. Arithmetic

      1. Population / Total Land

      2. Not reliable (includes non-arable land like deserts)

   2. Physiological

      1. Population or Arable Land (Land that can produce food)

      2. Ex: 98% of Egyptians live on 3% of the land

   3. Agricultural

      1. Total Farmers / Arable Land

      2. More Farmers = poor country

1. Ecumene

   1. The permanently inhabitable land of Earth

      1. 75% of population live on 5% of land

      2. 90% live north of the equator

   2. Planet Earth Ratio

      1. ¾ Water

      2. ¼ Land

         1. ⅛ = Inhabitable and Non-arable land: poles, deserts, swamps, high or rocky mountains

         2. ⅛ habitable land

            1. 3/32 = habitable, but not arable land, due to development

            2. 1/32 = Arable Land

2. Models

   1. Demographic Transition Model

      1. Bio

         1. Developed in 929 by American geographer Warren Thompson

      2. Premise

         1. A graph that describes transitions in CBR and CDR from high to low in developed countries since the Industrial revolution

      3. Assumptions

         1. All countries’ populations will stabilize as they grow more wealthy

   2. Definition

      1. Visual Representations of something in the real world made in order to simplify a theory

   3. 5 stages of a demographic transition

1. Spread of a disease

   1. Epidemic

      1. Local or regional outbreak

   2. Pandemic

      1. Global

2. The Epidemiologic transition model

   1. Bio

      1. Developed by Abel Omran (1971)

   2. Premise

      1. Focus on CDR

      2. Transition from infectious to chronic disease

   3. Assumptions

      1. All countries transition because of the Medical Revolution

   4. Geographical examples

      1. 
         

      2. Rich countries’ CDR’s tend to be lower due to higher life expectancies

      3. Economic Consequences of Aging Populations

         1. Advanced industrialized societies are growing older, leading to a decline in the working-age population.

      4. Social Consequences of Aging Population

         1. It can affect economic growth and patterns of work and retirement

      5. Political Consequences of Aging Population

         1. More politicians with older ideals for the government

3. Disease in America

   1. 6 in 10 adults in the US have a chronic disease

   2. 4 in 10 have 2 or more

   3. Ex: Heart disease, Cancer, Chronic Lung Disease, Strokes, Alzheimers, Diabetes and Chronic Kidney diseases

      1. Some key lifestyle risks for these include tobacco use, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol use.

4. ESPN of Ageing

   1. Economic

      1. Less workers = higher taxes

      2. More money for senior services (Social Security and Medicare)

      3. Less money for education

   2. Social

      1. More senior towns (ex., villages)

      2. More jobs for seniors

      3. More immigrants

   3. Political

      1. Older politicians have less focus on younger generations

      2. A smaller pool for military

5. Women and Education

   1. TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

      1. Average number of kids a female will have

      2. Childbearing years = 15 - 49

      3. Ideal # = 2.1 Kids

      4. High TFR = Stages 2 and # of the DTM (Less opportunities)

      5. Low TFr = Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM (More opportunities)

   2. Better able to care for their children

   3. Creates job opportunities normally devoted to men

   4. More schools = reduced population Growth

   5. Women having education can lead to...

      1. More money for the household

      2. Increasing rate for the country's economy

      3. More autonomy for women

6. One-Child Policy

   • Late Marriage (Urban)

     • Application for “Family Planning Certificate”

       1. Any pregnancy or birth to a couple that does not possess a “family planning certificate” is considered a violation of regulations and will be charged a penalty.

     • One-child restriction

     • Second child restriction\

     • Salary Bonus

     • Land Bonus

     • Medical Benefits

     • Other Family Benefits

     • Mandatory birth control

     • Pregnancy exams

     • Sterilization

     • Abortion forbidden

     • Early Births

     • One child over quota

     • Two children overquote

     • Members of ethnic minorities

     • Disabled child

     • Lack of male in family line

7. Pronatalist and Antinatalist Policies and Ideals

   1. Anti-natalism

      1. The problem is overpopulation

      2. The government restricts childbirths

      3. More family planning

      4. China, India, and poor countries

      5. Encourages limiting the number of children

   2. Pro-natalist

      1. pronatalism problem is underpopulation

      2. The government encourages more babies through incentives

      3. Countries in Stage 4 and 5 (Japan, Italy, Russia, etc.)

8. Malthusian Theory

   1. Developed by Thomas Malthus in 1798 (Start of Industrial Revolution in England),

   2. Premise

      1. Predicts overpopulation

      2. Population increases geometrically, food production increases arithmetically.

      3. Poor parents need to stop having more poor kids

   3. Positive Checks

      1. Increased CDR

      2. War, disease, and famine

   4. Preventive Checks

      1. Decrease CBR

      2. Marrying at a later age, abstaining from sex, birth control

9. Boserupian Theory

   1. Developed by Danish economist Ester Boserup (1965)

   2. Premise

      1. Starvation motivates people to improve their farming methods and invent new technologies to produce more food.

   3. Assumptions

      1. More people = more brains = more solutions

10. Neo-Malthisians VS Cornucopians

    1. Nep-Malthusians

       1. Supporters of Malthus (Paul Ehrlich)

       2. Over-population = loss of natural resources

       3. Competition for limited resources = DOOM

    2. Cornucopians

       1. Supporters of Boserup (Julian Simon)

       2. Food production kept pace with population growth.

       3. NIR has decreased

11. Migration

    1. Migration

       1. The movement of people from a place of origin to another

       2. Not to be confused with “immigration”

       3. There are many types of migration

       4. Causes can be ESPN

    2. Topics

       1. Causes of Migration

       2. Forced of Migration

       3. Forced and Voluntary Migration

       4. Effects of Migration

    3. Interregional (within a country)

       1. US (Snowbelt to Sunbelt)

       2. China (Rural to Urban)

    4. International migration (Country to Country)

       1. Stage 2 and 3 to stage 4 and 5 countries

    5. Emigration

       1. Moving away from a place

    6. Immigration

       1. Moving into a place

    7. Net Migration

       1. Differences between emigration and immigration

12. Factors

    1. Economic Factors

       1. Financial issues can hinder a migrant’s journey

       2. Intervening Obstacles

          1. The migrant runs out of money to complete the journey

          2. Migrant face prohibitive costs to complete the journey

       3. Intervening opportunity

          1. Jobs available in a closer location

          2. Economic situation improves at or near the place of origin

       4. Ex: A rural Mexican farmer leaves his village because the farm he works on is now using machines instead of human labor to harvest crops, and he loses his job (push factor).

    2. Social Factors

       1. Social factors include issues related to religion, race, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. It could also include factors like health or education

       2. Push Factors

          1. Religious persecution

          2. Discrimination based on gender or ethnicity

          3. Lack of school or education opportunities

          4. Lack of available healthcare

       3. Pull Factors

          1. Freedom of religion

          2. Acceptance of different ways of life in a new place

          3. Better Educational opportunities

    3. Political Factors

       1. These factors include reasons for migration relating to the government or politics

       2. Push Factors

          1. Political persecution

          2. Discrimination based on political views

          3. Harsh government policies

          4. Poor or cruel leadership

          5. Political instability

          6. Warfare or threat of warfare

       3. Pull Factors

          1. Political freedom

          2. Safety to voice dissenting political views

          3. Stable government

          4. Fair laws

          5. More trusted leadership or political system

    4. Environmental factors

       1. Environmental facts include any migration related to the natural world

       2. Environmental factors include any migration related to the natural world. Historically speaking, those speaking there were the most common.

       3. Push factors

          1. Drought

          2. Natural disasters

          3. Human damage to the environment (i.e. Radioactive waste from a damaged power plant)

       4. Pull factors

          1. Farmable land is available

          2. Safety from natural disasters (high ground, away from the coast, etc.)

          3. Healthy, safe environment

13. Obstacles and Opportunities

    1. Intervening Obstacle

       1. Negative circumstances that hinder migration

       2. Ex: Can’t afford to move

    2. Intervening Opportunity

       1. Positive circumstances that hinder migration

       2. Ex: Jobs closer to home

    3. Political Factors

       1. These factors include obstacles or opportunities relation to the government or politics. THe most common obstacles migrants face today are political.

14. Refugees

    1. Characteristics

       1. No property or passports

       2. Travel on foot or other means

       3. Fear persecution, not poverty

15. IDPs vs. Asylum Seekers

    1. Internally Displaced persons (IDPs)

       1. Migrants were forced from their home due to political reasons but hasn’t crossed any borders

    2. Asylum Seekers

       1. Migrants from a foreign country seek safety and a better life.

16. Forced Migration

    1. Migrants who have no choice but to leave

    2. Examples

       1. Slavery from Africa and the Trail of Tears (Native Americans)

       2. The Rohingya (Myanmar); Syrians; VEnezuelans; Columbians, and Cubans

    3. 4 types of slavery

       1. Debt bondage

       2. Domestic servitude

       3. Child labor (prostitution)

       4. Child soldiers

17. Ravenstain’s “Laws”

    1. Migration is related to demographics (1885)

    2. Women are more likely to move internally but men move internationally

    3. Young adults (singles) move more often than older adults (married)

    4. Many move from rural (farms) to urban (cities)

    5. Most move a short distance (financial and Family)

18. Temporary Status

    1. The majority of migrants coming to the US each year are temporary

       1. Student

       2. Temporary professional workers

       3. Tourists

19. Lawful permanent resident status

    1. Around 1 million people become lawful permanent residents of the US each year

       1. Represents less than ½ of one percent of the total US population

    2. The main methods of permanent immigration

       1. Over 60% of immigrants arrive on family-sponsored visas

       2. Spouses, children, parents, or siblings of citizens;

       3. Spouses or children of lawful permanent residents

       4. The number of visas limited for each type of worker

          1. Priority (CEOs of multinational companies, Olympic athletes)

          2. Professionals with advanced degrees

          3. Skilled workers

          4. Investors ($1 million with creation of 10 new jobs for american workers)

    3. Refugees and Asylum seekers

       1. Refugee status requires proving one is personally at risk of persecution due to race, nationality, political opinion, religion, and membership to a particular social group

    4. Special categories

       1. Admissions each year are made through the diversity visa lottery or as part of a “vulnerable group.”

       2. Vulnerable groups

          1. US immigration laws offer special protections to some groups of people, like victims of domestic violence or abandoned children

20. Citizenship

    1. Citizenship conferred on three groups of people

       1. Those born in the US

       2. Those born to US citizens abroad

       3. Lawful permanent residents who naturalize, including their minor children

    2. Nationalization requires that

       1. An individual is a lawful permanent resident for 5 years.

       2. Proficiency in english

       3. Civics test, background and the oath of allegiance

       4. Individuals pay a $725 application fee.

21. Migration Transition Model

    1. Developed by WIlbur Zelinsky

       1. Migration patterns change as a result of industrialization (Factory jobs)

    2. Stage 2 and 3

       1. High population and limited jobs lead to international migration (emigration)

    3. Stage 4 and 5

       1. A low and older population needs “guest workers” (temporary workers)

22. US Immigration

    1. Xenophobia

       1. Fear of foreigners

    2. Nativism

       1. Policy of protecting citizens and excluding immigrants

       2. Ex: Immigrants take jobs from citizens

    3. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

       1. bar Chinese immigration

    4. Immigration Act of 1924

       1. Favors West Europeans

    5. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

       1. Favorite families and skilled migrants

23. Undocumented Immigration

    1. In 1014, the estimated number of undocumented immigrants in the US was 11 million, or 3.5% of the total population

    2. People become undocumented immigrants in two ways

       1. Enter the US without authorization

       2. Overstay visa

    3. Immigration Enforcement (ICE)

       1. “If deported by immigration enforcement, individuals are barred from returning for at least ten years.”

24. Relocation Diffusion

    1. Migrants bring their cultural traits

       1. Language, religion, and ethnicity

       2. Natives are reluctant to accept

       3. Ex: ethnocentrism, racism, xenophobia

    2. Acculturation

       1. One culture dominates other

       2. Ex: English replacing Native language

    3. Assimilation

       1. The loss of one’s culture

       2. Ex: the “melting pot”

    4. Transculturation

       1. Equality of cultures

       2. Ex: the “salad bowl”

Unit 3

1. Culture

   1. The shared practices, technologies, attitudes and behaviors transmitted by a society

2. Culture Trait

   1. A single attribute of culture, such as food, architecture, or land use

3. Cultural-isms

   1. Ethnocentrism

      1. Belief that one’s culture is superior to others

      2. Ex: Other cultures’ food is "disgusting.”

      3. Ex: Expecting others to speak your language

   2. Cultural Relativism

      1. Not judging a culture by one's standards

      2. Ex: Accepting that others don’t worship like you (religion)

      3. Accepting that others dont like the same music as you

4. Culture (Built) Landscape

   1. Carl Sauer: "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by man.”

   2. Geographers analyze culture by “reading” the cultural landscape

5. Ethnic Neighborhoods

   1. Definition

      1. Concentration of people from the same cultural background located in certain pockets of major US cities

      2. Mostly established through chain migration

   2. Examples

      1. Little Italy (NYC)

      2. Chinatown (San Francisco)

      3. Little Havana (Miami)

6. Sequent Occupance

   1. When successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place

   2. Ex: St. Augustine (Timucua Indians, Spanish, American)

   3. Ex: Mexico City’s Plaza of the three cultures

7. Non-material Culture

   1. Things that are observable (education, religion, language, gender roles, art, music)

8. Migration and Culture

   1. Questions

      1. Define “American Culture” (Race, Ethnicity, Language, religion, music, and food)

9. Cultural Diffusion

   1. The spread of culture from our hearts (the birthplace)

10. Relocation Diffusion

    1. Migrants take their cultural traits with them

       1. Ex: Holiday traditions

    2. Migrants bring their cultural traits

       1. Language, Religion, food, music, etc.

       2. Natives sometimes are reluctant to accept (centrifugal forces)

       3. Ex: ethnocentrism, racism, xenophobia

    3. Acculturation

       1. One culture dominates another

       2. Ex: English replacing Native Native Languages

    4. Assimilation

       1. The loss of one’s culture

       2. Ex: the “melting pot”

    5. Transculturation

       1. Equality of cultures

       2. Ex: the “salad bowl”

11. Expansion DIffusion

    1. Things spread from one place to another

    2. Ex: Hip-Hop Music

    3. Contagious (x: disease; fads)

       1. Nearly all adjacent individuals are affected

    4. Stimulus (Ex: McDonald's in india)

       1. Ideas are adopted but altered

    5. Hierarchical

       1. Spread of an idea from top to bottom (powerful, rich, larger to smaller places)

    6. Reverse hierarchical (Ex: Pop music and slang)

       1. From teens to dictionaries

12. Pop Culture

    1. Definition: Product of heterogeneous, industrialized cultures (American and European)

       1. Example: Social media, movies, clothing, sports

    2. Diffusion: Reverse (generational) and Hierarchical (big cities to small cities)

    3. Music: $$$, catchy, hi-tech

13. Problems with pop culture

    1. Cultural imperialism

       1. belief that the US engages in cultural conquest

       2. Instead of missiles, the US uses the Media

    2. Globalization

       1. Global values and traditions should be American-led

       2. Ex: Democracy, English, Christianity, Capitalism

    3. Cultural Convergence

       1. Cultures and landscapes are merging

       2. Loss of cultural diversity

14. Folk Culture

    1. Definition: Traditional, homogeneous cultures

    2. Examples: Amish, Cajuns, and Native Americans

    3. Hearth: Anonymous and Rural

    4. Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion

    5. Music: Stories about life; transmitted orally; non-materialistic; acoustic instruments

15. Toponymy

    1. Definition

       1. Study of place names

       2. Names reveal national origins, culture, language, routes of diffusion and history

    2. Examples

       1. Native American (Tuskawilla)

       2. Religion (Western US has Catholic names)

       3. Anti-colonialism (Africa - Swaziland and Eswatini)

16. Confucianism

    1. Founder

       1. Confucius (551 - 479 BCE)

    2. Beliefs

       1. Based on the chinese concept of Li (Correct Behavior),

       2. Devised the 5 relationships

    3. Diffusion

       1. Mostly in China

17. Daoism (Taoism)

    1. Founder

       1. Laozi (604 - 531 BCE)

    2. Beliefs

       1. Based on a connection to nature

       2. Dao = “The way”

    3. Diffusion

       1. Mostly in China

18. Hinduism Cultural Landscape

    1. Temples and Crematoriums (Beliefs in reincarnation)

    2. Varanasi (Spiritual city)

    3. Ganges River (remission of sins)

    4. Founder and Major beliefs

       1. NA (est. 4000 years ago???)

       2. Karma and Moksha (liberation)

       3. Samsara (reincarnation)

    5. Branches

       1. Vaishnavism (80%) and Shaivism

    6. Hearth

       1. NW India (Indus River Valley)

    7. Diffusion (Relocation Diffusion)

       1. Aryans migrated into India and merged with Dravidians (est., the castle system)

       2. Mostly in india (97%) and South Asia

       3. Guyana, former British colony in South America (Indians migrated due to labor shortage),

19. Judaism

    1. Ancient religion of the Jewish people.

    2. Cultural Landscape

       1. Synagogues

       2. The Western Wall (aka, the “waling wall”)

       3. Jerusalem

    3. Sacred Sites

       1. Geographic space linking heaver and Earth

       2. Usually based on the lives of religious founders

       3. Ex: Christianity (Church of the holy Sepulchrew, where Jesus was crucified)

       4. Ex: Buddhism (Lumbini, Nepal, where Buddha was born)

    4. Pilgrimage

       1. A journey for religious purposes to a sacred site

       2. Ex: Judaism (The western wall in Jerusalem)

       3. Ex: Islan (the Hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia)

    5. Founder and Major Beliefs

       1. Abraham (about 2500 years ago)

       2. Monotheism, the Covenant, the 10 commandments

    6. Branches

       1. Sephardim (MENA, expelled from Spain in 14920)

       2. Ashkenazim (Eastern Europe)

          1. Orthodox, Reform, Conservative

    7. Culture Hearth

       1. SW Asia (modern-day Israel)

    8. Diffusion (Relocation Diffusion)

       1. The Diaspora (Dispersal from the original homeland by the Romans in 70 AD)

       2. Creation of Israel in 1948 (Zionism)

       3. Dominant in Israel and the US

20. Universalizing Religion

    1. Universalizing Religion

       1. Attempt to be global and appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not to those of one culture or location

       2. Proselytizing

          1. (Active seek converts)

       3. Ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism (North India)

21. Buddhism

    1. Cultural Landscapes

       1. The Bodhi (enlightenment) tree

       2. Lumbini (Buddha’s Birthplace)

       3. Stupas (Bell-shaped Burial mounds) and Pagodas (towers)

    2. Founder and major beliefs

       1. Siddhartha Guautama (Indian prince)

          1. The 4 Noble truths, Nirvana, Maya

          2. The truth of Suffering

          3. The truth of the cause of suffering

          4. The truth of the end of suffering

          5. The truth of the path leading to the end of suffering

       2. Branches

          1. Mahayana (Largest in China, Japan, and Korea)

          2. Therayana (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri LAnka, Thailand, and more strict monks)

       3. Earth and Diffusion

          1. NE India (Nepal)

          2. Relocation (missionaries and traders to East Asia)

          3. Hierarchical (Conversion of Indian Emperor)

          4. Syncretism (Buddha becomes a god in hinduism)

22. Christianity

    1. Cultural Landscape

       1. Church andCathedrals

       2. Jerusalem

       3. Space devoted to the dead

    2. Founder and Major beliefs

       1. Jesus and PAul of Tarsus

       2. Monotheisum: Jesus is the Messiah

    3. Cultural Hearth

       1. Southwest Asia (East Mediterranean)

    4. Relovation Diffusion

       1. Converion of Paul (USed Rome’s road Syste to spread christianity)

       2. European colonialism (Spain is catholic)

    5. Hierarchical Diffusion

       1. Roman Emperors (Contantinem Theodosius) proclaimed end to persecution and official religion

       2. Russian Czar Vladimir Converts Russian to Orthodox

    6. Branches of Christianity

       1. Branches (Large, fundamental divisions within a religion)

          1. Catholic (Latin America, Western Europe)

          2. Protestant (North Europe, USA, Canada)

          3. Orthodox (Russia, Eastern Europe)

       2. Denominations

          1. Subgroups within branches

          2. Ex: Protestants (Lutheran, anglican, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, etc.)

23. Islam: cultural Diffusion

    1. Founder and Major Beliefs

       1. Mohammad (7th Century)

       2. The 5 pillars of Faith

    2. Branches

       1. Sunni (Saudi Arabia and Indonesia)

       2. Shiites (Iran and Iraq)

    3. Hearth and cultural Diffusion

       1. SW Asian (Mecca, Saudi Arabia)

       2. Relocation (INvasions of Palestine, North Africa , India, Turkey and Spain)

       3. Expansion (Europe in stage 4)

24. Secularism and Syncretism

    1. Theocracy

       1. Government ruled by religious leaders

       2. Ex: Iran is led by the Ayatollah (aka, The Supreme Leader)

    2. Secularism

       1. Separation of Church (Religion) and State (government)

       2. Ex: France’s Laicite (Equal treatment of all regions)

       3. Ex: USA (Public Schools)

    3. Syncretism

       1. Combining two different religions into something new

       2. As religions diffused, they incorporated local customs

       3. Ex: Buddhism (Buddha is the reincarnation of Vishnu in Hinduism)

       4. Ex: Santeria in Cuba (Roman Catholicism + African Religions)

Unit 4

1. The State

   1. Space w/ Recognized borders

      1. Ex: Taiwan is not a state because China does not recognize

      2. Ex: Palestine are not a state because the US does not recognize

   2. Permanent Population

      1. Ex: Vatican City’s population is less than 500

   3. Organized Government

      1. 4 roles of government

      2. Keep order, protect citizens, make laws, and help citizens

   4. Sovereignty

      1. Ex: England (UK), Catalonia (Spain), Puerto Rico (US), Greenland (Denmark), etc, are not states

2. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

   1. Thirty Year War

   2. Religious Civil war between Catholics and Protestants

      1. 8 million casualties

      2. Each prince could choose his kind’s religion

      3. Two European Rulers (The emperor and the Pope)

   3. Sovereignty (right to control your territory)

      1. Est, boundaries and borders

      2. Portugal and the Netherlands separated from Spain

      3. Creation of States (the foundation of the modern world)

3. Territoriality

   1. Geographic control over people, land, and resources

   2. Connection of people, their culture, and their standard of living to their land

   3. Creation of borders to control territory

4. Political Organization

   1. City-states

      1. Independent cities

      2. Loyalty is too widespread, creating too much conflict

   2. Empires (Imperialism)

      1. Emperor conquers lands w/diversity of groups (different languages, religions, and ethnicities)

      2. Loyalty to a far-away emperor was tough to maintain

   3. Kingdoms (Feudalism)

      1. People are subjects of a king or queen

   4. The “State” (Nationalism)

      1. People are citizens with rights

      2. Loyalty is to one’s country

5. The “Nation”

   1. Definition

      1. Group of people united by ethnicity, language, religion, geography, and history

      2. Have identified a homeland

      3. Seek to control that homeland

   2. Example

      1. The UK is a state with four nations

      2. England, Scotland, Wales, and North Ireland

6. The “Nationstate”

   1. Territory whereby one nation has sovereignty over its space

      1. Ex: Japan and Iceland

   2. Self-determination

      1. The right of a nation to control its own state, free from persecution

      2. Ex: Catalonia (Spain) & Palestine (Israel)

7. Multi-nation State

   1. Multiple nations occupy one state, which is hard to maintain

      1. Ex: former Yugoslavia

      2. Ex: former USSR

   2. Irredentism

      1. When two nations in different states wish to unite

      2. Ex: Anschluss (NAzi Germany in Austria)

      3. Ex: Crimea (Russians in Ukraine)

8. Multi-state nation

   1. Definition

      1. A nation’s homeland has a state of its own and also spreads into other states

   2. Example

      1. Koreans are one nation divided into North (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and South Korea (Republic of Korea)

9. Stateless Nation

   1. Definition

      1. A nation without sovereign territory

      2. The nation is a minority group with limited rights

   2. Examples

      1. The Palestinians

      2. The Kurds

10. Enclaves VS Exclaves

    1. Enclave - a state within a state (Lesotho)

    2. Exclave - a territory not connected to its state (Kaliningrad, Hawaii)

11. Autonomous (.semi-autonomous) regions

    1. Definition

       1. Area within a state having a degree of freedom from its parent state

       2. Attempt to avoid conflict

    2. Examples

       1. China (5 regions)

       2. USA (574 Native American reservations)

          1. Native American Sovereignty

          2. Public safety and justice

          3. Education and culture

          4. Communications and technology

          5. Environment and energy

          6. Infrastructure and Housing

          7. Transportation and roads

          8. Natural Resources, Land and agriculture

          9. Human services and healthcare

          10. Economic development and commerce

12. Centripetal and centrifugal forces

    1. Centrifugal may lead to

       1. Fails states (Syria); stateless nations (Kurds); ethnic nationalism (Basques); uneven wealth (Palestinians)

    2. Centripetal may lead to

       1. Ethnonationalism (India’s Hindus); equal wealth; respect for each other’s culture

13. Ethnic Cleansing or genocide

    1. Persecution

       1. Ethnic cleansing: The mass removal of an ethnic minority

       2. Genocide is the mass extermination of an ethnic minority

    2. The holocaust

       1. 6M jews killed in 1460 days

       2. 4110 killed per day

       3. 171 killed per hour

       4. 3 killed per minute

    3. Rwanda (1992 - 1994)

       1. 800K - 1M Tutsi killed in 100 days

       2. 8000 - 10710 killed/day

       3. 334 - 447 killed/hour

       4. 6 - 7 killed/minute

14. When states fall apart

    1. Alkalization

       1. Breakup of states along national (ethnic) lines

       2. Ex: Yugoslavia (Balkan Peninsula)

    2. Devolution

       1. When states fragment into autonomous regions

       2. Ex: spain (catalonia); UK (Scotland)

15. Devolutionary Factors

    1. Geography

       1. Enclave (Hawaii), islands (greenland), mountains (the basques - pyrenees)

    2. Ethnic separatism

       1. One group wants more power

       2. Ex: the Catalans (spain)

       3. Ethnic cleansing or Genocide

          1. Removal or killing of a group es: removal or killing of a group

          2. Ex: Rwanda (the Tutsi); Myanmar (the Rohingya); China (the Uyghurs)

16. Nationalism

    1. Extreme feelings and loyalty towards one’s nations

17. Minority nations feel excluded from their state and

    1. Goal is to get a nation-state.

18. Supranationalism

    1. Alliance of states to fin ESPN solutions

       1. Economic (European Union and ASEAN

       2. Social and political (Political UN, NATO, African Union)

       3. Problem

          1. States must give up some sovereignty

             1. Ex: The UN does not represent all nations. It should be renames the US

19. Terrorism

    1. Use of violence by non-state groups to force a state into grating demands

    2. Examples

       1. ISIS (Syria) and Boko Haram (Nigeria)

       2. IRA (North Ireland) and ETA (Basque Spain)

    3. How the US government categorizes terrorism

    4. Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)

       1. ISIS, Hamas, Houthi, and Taliban

    5. State sponsors of terrorism

       1. Iraq

    6. Domestic threats

       1. Supremacist in our own country

20. Colonialism

    1. Definition

       1. The purpose of territorial expansion for the benefit of the nation

       2. Relocation of settlers to control new land

       3. Exploit resources, natives, and land

    2. Causes

       1. The industrial revolution (raw materials)

       2. Strategic military bases

       3. Europe in stages 2-3 (overpopulation)

    3. Examples

       1. Spain (South America)

       2. Britain (The sun never set on the British Empire.)

       3. Europe (Africa and the Berlin conference)

21. Imperialism

    1. Definition

       1. The establishment of empires

       2. Imposing authority over other nations

       3. Imperialistic powers created multi-nation states, leading to violence within states

    2. Examples

       1. Europe (The scramble for Africa)

       2. The BRitish Empire (Palestine and India)

22. King Leopold II of Belgium

    1. Colonized of the Congo Free State (Democratic Republic of the congo)

    2. Extracted rubber (for production of tires)

    3. Through forced labor to make huge profits

    4. Used torture, murder, kidnapping, and mutilation of people’s hands when rubber quotas were not met (about 10 mil people were killed)

23. Decolonization

    1. Definition

       1. 80% of Earth was controlled by Europe (1492 - 1914)

       2. The breakup of empires leading to the creation of nation-states esp. After WW2

       3. European borders ed to multiple internal conflicts amongst nations

    2. Examples

       1. Vietnam (France)

       2. Indonesia (Netherlands)

       3. Korea (Japan)

       4. India (Britain)

       5. DRC (Belgium)

24. Diffusion of the Nation-State Model

    1. DIffusion

       1. Through relocation diffusion, European imperialists imposed their political ideas

       2. Diffused the state model

    2. Questions

       1. Why do you think the greatest increase in colonies was between 1750 1800?

       2. Why do you think the greatest decrease colonies happened between 1950 - 1975?

25. Land boundary Types

    1. Geometric

       1. Use longitude and latitude lines

       2. Ex: Korea’s 38th Parallel (DMZ)

    2. Superimposed

       1. Est. by stronger states that ignore existing nations and their space

       2. Ex: Africa (The berlin Conference)

26. Boundary Disputes

    1. Definitional - over legal language

    2. Locational - over interpretation

    3. Operational - over functioning of boundaries

    4. Allocational - natural resource distribution

27. Land boundaries

    1. Definitions

       1. A vertical plane cutting through rocks below and airspace above

       2. Provide limits on sovereignty

    2. How is a boundary created

       1. Defined-legally negotiated

       2. Delimited-line drawn on map by cartographers (Simply on a marp)

       3. Demarcated-signs and walls on the ground (physically made as Fence or Walls)

       4. Administered - how is the border governed

28. Border walls

    1. Walls and other barriers built by countries to establish their borders and some of the oldest and most controversial elements in the cultural landscape

    2. ESPN

       1. Economic (cost of the wall)

       2. Social and political (promotes nationalism, created tension between states)

       3. Environmental (Impact on natural habitats, scars the cultural landscape)

29. Relic boundary

    1. Relic

       1. Boundaries that no longer exist but still holds significance

       2. Ex: The Berlin wall and Great wall of china

30. Historical boundaries

    1. Antecedent

       1. Pre-existing boundary

       2. Ex: african nations proper to Berlin conference

    2. Subsequent

       1. Boundaries established after nations have been established

       2. Ex: Europe’s states aligned with its nations

    3. Consequent

       1. Est. to accommodate nations that cant get along

       2. Ex: India and Pakistan

31. Sea Borders

    1. UNCLOS (UN conference on the law of the sea)

       1. States can claim up to 12 nautical miles

    2. EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)]

       1. Economica rights up to 200 nautical miles

    3. Median Line Principles

       1. Division of waters between 2 states located w/i 200 N miles

32. Chokepoints

    1. Definitions

       1. Strategic, narrow route that can be used for political gain

       2. Oftentimes used as traderouts

    2. Examples

       1. Strait of Hormuz (links Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea)

       2. Suez Canal (links the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea)

       3. Strait of Gibraltar (links Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean)

       4. Bosporus Strait (links Black Sea and Sea of Marmara by Turkey)

       5. Strait of Malacca (links Indonesia with the South China Sea)

33. Shatterbelts

    1. Definition

       1. Areas where regional or global divisions collide and cause conflict at the local scale

       2. Unstable areas located between conflicting regions

       3. Mostly caused by political cultural divisions

    2. Examples

       1. Political (The cold war in Korea, Europe, and Vietnam)

       2. Cultural / Religious (Kashmiri India vs. Pakistan)

34. Unitary states

    1. Definitions

       1. States with strong national governments

       2. National government make all the laws

       3. Laws apply equally everywhere

       4. National government can abolish or create local units

       5. Homologous and small states

    2. Examples

       1. China, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom

       2. 165 states around the world

35. Federal states

    1. Definition

       1. National and local governments share power

       2. Nation governments don't have total power

       3. National government cant create or abolish local units

       4. Usually in multi-national heterogeneous states

    2. Examples

       1. Canada, Australia, Mexico, Germany

       2. USA (Federal Government cannot control education while state government cannot control immigration)

36. Four roles of government

    1. Keep order

    2. Protect the country

    3. Help Citizens

    4. Makes Laws

37. Democracy

    1. Definition

       1. A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences

    2. Components of traditional Democratic theory

       1. Equality in voting

       2. Effective participation

       3. Enlightened understanding

       4. Citizen control of the agenda

       5. Inclusion

38. Political culture

    1. Adherence to political ideas

       1. America = individual freedom

       2. Asia = group identity

    2. Human territoriality

       1. A country’s attachment to its territory

39. Redistricting

    1. Apportionment

       1. Determines number of US House reps every 10 years

    2. Voting districts

       1. Areas where residents elect reps to congress

       2. Determined by US Census

    3. Redistricting

       1. Process of redrawing internal political boundaries

       2. Determine voting districts

       3. Should be geographically compact

       4. Ex: FL gained one seat (Gained 2.7M peeps for a total of 21.5M)

40. Gerrymandering

    1. Drawing political boundaries to give your party power

41. Cracking

    1. Spreading opportunities as across many districts as a minority

42. Packing

    1. Concentrating opposition in one

43. Geopolitics

    1. Pre-WW1

       1. Multipolar system (Britain, France, and Russia competed for power)

    2. Post WW2

       1. Bipolar system (US vs. USSR engaged in a “Cold War”)

    3. Post Cold War

       1. Unipolar system (US only superpower)

    4. 21st Century = ?

       1. Multipolar (US, Russia, China, India, Europe)

       2. Bi-polar (US vs China)

       3. Nont of the Above

44. Territorial Morphology

    1. Size, Shape, relative location determine whether or not a country survives

       1. Size

          1. Large does not equal success, or vice versa

       2. Shape

          1. Ideally, goal to control territory

       3. Relative location

          1. Better off in the West

          2. Better off if country is at crossroads

    2. Compact

       1. the most idea because governments can control easily

       2. Roughly circular, oval or rectangular

       3. Distance from geo. center not great

       4. Easier to control

       5. Ex: Cambodia

    3. Elongated

       1. the most problematic because revolts occur far from the capital

       2. Long and narrow

       3. Ex: Chile

    4. Prorupted State

       1. Narrow, elongated extension leading away from the main body

       2. Ex: Thailand

    5. Perforated State

       1. Territory completely surrounds that of another state

       2. Ex: South Africa and Lesotho

Unit 5

1. Bad Ingredients

   1. Red 40

      1. Synthetic food dye made from petroleum

      2. Linked to aggression and mental disorders like ADHD in children

      3. Used in candy, sports, drinks, makeup, etc

   2. Corn syrup

      1. Synthetic sweeteners used in sodas, candy, etc.

      2. May be linked to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

2. Intensive Agriculture

   1. Intensive farming

      1. Lots of workers

      2. Small plots of land, usually near cities

   2. Market gardening (truck farming)

      1. Spoil quickly

      2. Fruits and veggies

   3. Plantation Agriculture

      1. Cheap labor

      2. Coffee, Cacao, and sugar

   4. Mixed crops and livestock

      1. Crops to fatten animals corn and soybeans

3. Extensive farming

   1. Extensive farming

      1. Less labor

      2. Large plots of land away from cities

   2. Shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

      1. Farmers cut and burn rainforest

      2. Plant many crops

      3. Heavy rain clears the soil, so they move

   3. Nomadic herding

      1. Moving with the animals (goats sheep, etc)

      2. Transhumance

   4. Ranching

4. Animal Domestication

   1. Domestication

      1. Quality trained into an entire population through generations of living with humans

   2. Primary uses

      1. Meat; Milk; Fertilizer; “Machines” (ie, plowing)

   3. Secondary Uses:

      1. Clothes; tools (bones); Jewelry; Religion

   4. Out of 148 large mammal species on Earth, no more than 15 have ever been domesticated.

5. Jared Diamond

   1. “Our failure to domesticate even a single major new plant or animal in modern times suggests that ancient peoples really may have domesticated all the ones worth domesticating.”

6. Vertical Integration

   1. Farm hierarchy (companies at the top and farmers at the bottoms)

   2. Production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing

   3. Farming is no longer a primary activity.

7. Economic activities

   1. primary/ extractive (agriculture)

      1. Framing, mining, fishing, and forestry

   2. Secondary (Manufacturing)

      1. Factories

   3. Tertiary

      1. Retail, restaurants, etc.

   4. Quaternary (Offices)

      1. Gov’t, banking, IT, etc

   5. Quinary (Post-Industrial)

      1. Medical research, higher education, etc.

8. From Farming to Manufacturing

   1. “A nation’s diet can be more revealing than its art or literature.” - Eric Sclosser (Fast Food Nation)

9. Regional diffusion

   1. Relocation and contagious diffusion took agriculture to nearby regions

   2. Ex: Anatolian of Indo-European language

10. Globalization of Agriculture

    1. States are economically interdependent

    2. Colonialism forced countries to grow luxury crops (Ex: coffee)

    3. Poor states lack resources to develop (Ex: ports, roads, energy, etc.)

11. Rural patterns

    1. Clustered (nucleated)

       1. Housing is grouped closely

       2. Ex: Europe

    2. Dispersed

       1. Housed spaced far apart

       2. Ex: USA

    3. Linear

       1. Housing follows a river or a road.

12. Rural survey systems

    1. metes and bounds

       1. English system using landmarks

    2. Long lot

       1. French system

       2. Farms extended from rivers (were long and thin)

       3. Ex: Louisiana and Quebec, Canada

    3. Township

       1. US system using latitude and longitude

       2. Farms organized into rectangles

13. Township and range

    1. Each township is six miles square and contains 23,040 acres, or 36 square miles

    2. Each township is divided into 36 squares. These sections are intended to be one-mile square and contain 640 acres of land

    3. Sections are numbered consecutively from 1 to 36, starting in the NE corner

14. Bid-rent theory

    1. Supply and demand

       1. Cheap land = high supply

       2. Expensive = low supply

    2. Geo Distance

       1. Cheap land is available far from the market

       2. Land is most expensive and closest to the market

15. Assumption of land

    1. and is isotropic (flat)

    2. city is self-sufficient

    3. Same soil and climate everywhere

    4. Farmers transport their own goods

    5. Farmers want money

16. The isolated state

    1. Bio

       1. J.H. Thunen (Germany 1826)

    2. Premise

       1. What to farm? (perishability of food)

       2. Where to farm? (intensive vs extensive)

       3. Transportation costs? (most important)

    3. Models

       1. Morphology (4 concentric circles)

          1. Central city

          2. Market Gardening

          3. Forest

          4. Increasing extensive field crops, grains

          5. Ranching, livestock

       2. Closer to the city (highly perishable) = expensive land offset by cheap transportation

       3. Far from the city (Less perishable) = cheap land offset by expensive transportation

17. Examples and limitations

    1. Geographic example

       1. Sequence of US agriculture

    2. Assumptions

       1. All land is flat; Soil and climate are the same; farmers transport own products and want to make money

    3. Limitations

       1. Improves transportation (Ships and trains)

       2. Multiple Markets (cheaper labor) and climates

       3. Technology (refrigerators, preservatives, etc.)

18. Third Revolution (20th Century)

    1. Vertical integration

       1. Farming is no longer a primary activity

       2. Commodity chains

          1. Links producers, companies and consumers

    2. Intensive mechanization

       1. Rich regions can afford machines

       2. Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers

    3. Rise of Agribusiness and Factory farming

       1. Large corporation are replacing family farms

       2. Increased economies of scale = cheap food

    4. Biotechnology

       1. Increase in the use of GMOs

19. The green revolution

    1. Bio

       1. Norman Borlaug (1970 Nobel Peace Prize)

    2. Premise

       1. End global hunger

       2. Diffusion of old technology to poor states

       3. High yields seeds (IR36 rice), use of chemicals, and machinery

    3. Successful

       1. Reduced starvation

       2. Mexico and India exported food

    4. Unsuccessful

       1. Africa (high prices and environmental degradation)

       2. Machines displaced women

20. Genetically modified organisms

    1. Foods where the DNA has been modified in a lab

       1. US does not label GMOs

    2. Examples

       1. Bell peppers with fish DNA to make it drought-tolerant

       2. Potatoes that release their own pesticide

       3. Genetically modified mosquitoes to eliminate disease

          1. Injecting jellyfish DNA into rabbits to glow in the dark

21. Global hunger

    1. World hunger is the result of…

       1. Distribution systems

       2. Costs

       3. Gender bias

22. Food Dessert

    1. Areas where access to affordable, healthy food (especially fresh fruits and veggies) is limited due to finances and travel distance

Unit 6

1. Site and Situation

   1. Influences origins and growth of cities

   2. Sites

      1. Physical location

      2. Climate, water, soil, quality, etc.

   3. Situation

      1. Relative location

      2. How does it connect to other cities

2. Origin Concepts (Orlando)

   1. Toponymy

      1. Study of place names

   2. Geography

      1. ORlando is built around a fort

   3. History

      1. Seminole- Indian Wars

   4. Transportation

      1. Two days from Sanford to Orlando

3. City

   1. General Definitions

      1. Rural = Farms and Villages with low density of people

      2. Urban = Areas with high density of people and now built vertically (aka, skyscrapers)

      3. Suburbs residential areas far from the city center (formerly farms and built horizontally)

   2. Specific Definitions

      1. Metropolitan Area = A collection of adjacent cities where population density is high and continuous (Ex: City of Orlando)

      2. Metropolitan Statistical Area = A city of at least 50,000, its county and adjacent countries that have a connection (Ex: Orlando - Sanford-Kissimmee)

      3. Micropolitan Statistical Area = city of more than 100,000, its county and adjacent counties

4. Mega, Meta, and World Cities

   1. Megacities

      1. 10 million or more

      2. LA, NYC, MXC

      3. Increasingly located in the poorest countries

   2. Metacities

      1. 20 million or more

      2. Lagos (Nigeria); Bombay (India); Tokyo (Japan)

   3. World Cities

      1. Economic centers

      2. Ex: NYC, London, Tokyo

5. The Suburbs

   1. Migration of upper/ middle class residents from the city to the outskirts (former farmland)

   2. Created by cars, highways, and cheap farmland post World War II

   3. Cultural reasons

      1. Less pollution, crime , and congestion

      2. Desire for a “nuclear family,” large homes, and better schools

      3. “White flight” (movement of richer folks from inner city to outskirts)

6. Urban Sprawl

   1. Unrestricted, reckless, rapid, expansion of housing, commercial development and roads

      1. McMansions (“supersized” homes)

      2. Exurbs (prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs)

      3. Boomburbs (rapidly growing suburban cities)

      4. Edge cities (suburbs along major highways)

7. Urban Sustainability

   1. Transportation

      1. Cars expended the city and changed its morphology (shape)

   2. Population growth

      1. Created need for more services

   3. Migration

      1. Created hoods based on social and racial groups

   4. Economics

      1. Cities are economic centers

      2. Ex: Orlando (theme parks), Detroit (cars), San Francisco (Hi-tech)

   5. Government

      1. Must meet citizen’s needs

8. Key elements of Urbanization

   1. Population (US says at least 2500)

   2. Economy (Basic and non-basic sectors)

   3. Political Organizations (boundaries and governments to regulate taxes and services)

   4. Urban culture (a city’s “personality”)

   5. Urban Landscape (the style of a city: unique architecture and landmarks)

9. John Botchert

   1. The US city morphed from small, compact shape to a big start due to change in transportation modes

      1. Stage 1: Sail - Wagon (1790 - 1830)

      2. Stage 2: Steamboats and Iron Horse (1830 - 1870)

      3. Stage 3: Steel - Rail (1870 - 1920)

      4. Stage 4: Auto - Air (1920 - 1970)

   2. Intra Urban Growth Model

10. The Car that birthed US cities

    1. Origins

       1. First invented in Germany and France in the late 1800s by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz

       2. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques (economies of scale)

       3. Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerged as the “Bog Three” auto companies by the 1920’s

    2. Effects

       1. Spurred the growth of tourism-related industries, such as service stations, roadside restaurants and motels

       2. The construction of streets and highways, peaked when the INterstate Highway ACT of 1956 inaugurated the largest public works program in history

          1. Eminent Domain - the government's right to take private property for public use

       3. Changed the architecture of the American house, altered the conception of the urban neighborhood, and freed homemakers from the confines of the home

11. Urbanization: the good

    1. Fewer people live in rural areas (better for forests, soil, and wildlife)

    2. Lower family sizes

    3. Better education

    4. Better health

12. Urbanization: the bad

    1. Hazards of site - being more susceptible to landslides, floods, etc.

    2. Loss of Land - valuable farmland is lost

    3. Natural landscapes become “urban jungles.”

    4. Impact of Pollution - growing volumes of contaminants

    5. Production of waste - lack of sewer facilities; increase of landfills

    6. Large demand for water

    7. Changing consumption habits - urbanites waste more

13. Urbanization Sustainability

    1. Traditional zoning (Problem)

       1. regulates land use (commercial, residential, industrial)

    2. Mixed Land Use (Solution)

       1. Permits different use in the same building

14. Urban Infilling

    1. Encourages development of understandable or vacant land to increase density

    2. Places new development near resources and infrastructure

    3. Ex: The Railyards, Sacramento, California

15. New Urbanism

    1. Sustainable urban planning focuses on early 19th century towns

    2. Criticisms

    3. Lacks of privacy as homes are too close to each other

    4. Cars are still required

    5. Conformist, inauthentic landscape

    6. Racial and social segregation still exist because prices are still high

16. Principles

    1. Walkable blocks and streets

    2. Public spaces

    3. Everything within walking distance (anti-car community)

    4. Egalitarian (community affordable for everyone)

17. Urban Heat Island

    1. It occurs when cities replace natural land cover with pavement, concrete, and buildings that absorb and retain heat

    2. Increases energy cost (Ex: AC), air pollution levels and heat related illnesses

18. Brownfields

    1. Sites that have been abandoned and have environmental contamination

    2. There may have been gas stations, landfills, dry cleaners, railroads, etc

19. First Urban Revolution

    1. 5 hearths = Mesoamerica; Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates); Egypt (Niles); India (Indus): China (Huang He)

    2. Agricultural villages were egalitarian; the sharing of food introduced stratification (social class)

    3. A ruling class (urban elite) ruled

    4. City life = food surplus + stratified societies

    5. Examples

       1. India

       2. Rome

20. Second Urban Revolution

    1. Movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing

    2. Made possible by

       1. 2nd agricultural Revolution (improved food production and surpluses)

       2. Industrial revolution (cities near resources)

21. Gideon Sjoberg

    1. Cities are products of their societies

       1. Folk-preliterate (defensive walls)

       2. Feudal (small town)

       3. Pre-industrial (focus on religion and trade)

       4. Urban- industrial (rise of skyscrapers)

22. Changes that drive Urbanizations

    1. Transportation

       1. US cities evolved from small to gigantic due to evolution of transportation

    2. Communication

       1. The internet could make offices and shopping malls obsolete

    3. Population growth and migration

       1. Moving from farms to factories to cities to suburbs

    4. Economic Development

       1. A City’s economy will impact manufacturing, tourism, and services

    5. Government policies

       1. State and local governments try to make cities attractive

       2. Good schools, safe neighborhoods, lots of entertainment, high paying jobs, etc.

23. Urban Planning and design

    1. Began in 19th century but accelerated in 20th century

    2. Impact was the zoning law of the 1920s. This law establishes patterns of land use

24. Functions of cities

    1. Basic Sector: people who engage in exports (city’s income)

    2. Non-basic sector: others are engaged in services

    3. Economic base = ratio of basic to non-basic (always larger because of the need to support the basic sector)

25. The gravity model

    1. Based on Newton, which predicts gravitational force between two objects

    2. Interactions between urban centers can be calculated by size and distance

    3. Large cities have greater drawing power

26. Cities and population

    1. Rank-size Rule

       1. Smaller cities are a proportion of the largest city

       2. 1st city = 12M; 2nd city = 6 M; 3rd city = 4M, etc

    2. Primate City (Mark Jefferson)

       1. Twice as large and twice as popular as the next city

          1. Ex: Paris, Longsdon; Mexico City;

       2. US does not have one, but do not ignore scale

          1. Ex: LA, CA - 16M, SF, CA - 7M population

27. Central Place theory

    1. Bio and morphology

       1. Walter Christaller (Germany 1933)

       2. Morphology (Hexagons)

    2. Premise

       1. Threshold - minimum pop needed to support a service (low order - small population; high order - large population)

       2. Range - maximum distance you’re willing to travel for a good (low order - short distance; high order - large distance)

       3. Larger cities are spaced farther from each other; smaller places are closer to each other

28. Christaller’s Assumptios (Central Place Theory)

    1. Surface is flat (no barriers) w/ equal transportation

    2. Evenly distributed population with equal income

    3. Each service has a max distance for sale in all directions

    4. Consumers shop at the closest place possible

29. Hexagonal Model

    1. Centrality = maximw aize access form hinterlands

    2. Each center has a monopoly on goods and services (Price and distance are crucial)

30. Urban realms models

    1. Inclusion of other “downtowns”

31. Bid-rent Theory

    1. Different activities bid different amounts to be close to the CBD

       1. Ex: Banks bid higher for CBD location than factories and families

       2. Ex: banks can build up but factories build out

       3. Reasons why the US City is a vertical city

32. Services and the urban hierarchy

    1. “Low-order” services

       1. Services obtained regularly, such as at a grocery store

       2. Hamlets, villages, and towns

    2. “High-order” services

       1. Services required less frequently, such as a pro sports team

       2. Cities (megacities, megacities)

       3. The more services, the lower the order

33. Concentric zone model

    1. Developed by EW Burgess (Chicago on 1925),

       1. Relies on the thunen model (bid-rent theory)

       2. CBD is the nucleus of the US City

       3. Morphology (5 concentric rings)

    2. US are arranged by wealth

       1. Poor live closer to the CBD (housing is more dense)

       2. Rich live further from the CBD (The commuters Zone, ie. the suburbs)

    3. Assumptions

       1. Surface is lat

       2. Transportation costs are equal, CBD is the most important

       3. Individuals maximize profit . minimize costs

34. Sector model

    1. Developed by Homer Hoyt (Chicago 1939)

    2. CBD’s s the number of nucleus of the US City

    3. US citites are arranged by transport corridors

       1. Poor live closer to transportation

35. Mutiple Nuceli Model

    1. developed by Chauncy Harris and Edwarf Ullman (1945),

       1. CBD is no longer the nucleus of the US city

    2. US cities are arranged by suburban CBD’s

       1. Poor people live closer to the bad stuff

       2. Rich areas are so far from the CBD but closer to Suburban CBD

36. Galactic city (Peripheral) Model

    1. Developed by Chauncey Harry (Detrioit 1960s)

       1. Edge citizens are now the focus

       2. Services and business (ex., shopping mails) move away from the CBD

    2. US cities are arranged by highway and beltways

       1. The car has conquered public transportation

37. Classic models of urban structure

    1. Concentric Zone: wealth

    2. Sector: Transportation

    3. Multiple Nuclei: CBD, not the nucleus

    4. Galactic (Peripheral) edge cities

38. Squatter Settlements

    1. Dense areas built illegally in developing countries

       1. Ex: Brazil’s favelas

    2. Lack of amenities (schools, water, sanitation, etc.)

    3. Located on outskirts of cities

39. Latin-American Model

    1. Bio and Morphology

       1. Larry Ford and Ernest griffin (1980)

       2. Morphology (Concentric and Secot Models)

    2. Premise

       1. Law of the Indies required central plaza

       2. The ”Spine” is the heart of LA and is surrounded by best stuff

       3. Zone of IN Situ Accretion (constantly being built)

       4. Opposite of US City (rich live closer to CBD, poor further away)

    3. Geographic Example

       1. Most LA cities

40. Law of the Indies

    1. Laws that planned Spanish colonial cities

    2. Must include

       1. Plaza

       2. Church

       3. Government buildings

       4. Ex: Mexico City, Caracas, Lima

41. African Model

    1. Bio

       1. Harm de Biji

    2. Premise

       1. 3 CBD’s

          1. Colonial CBD (Skyscrapers and grids)

          2. Traditional CBD (Single story buildings)

          3. Market Zone

       2. Slums are far from center

    3. Limitations

       1. Outdated (excludes middle class and wealth areas)

42. Southeast Asian Model

    1. Bio and Morphology

       1. TG McGee (1967)

       2. Combo of concentric and Secot models

    2. Premise

       1. No Frmal CBD

       2. Old colonial port zone is city focus

       3. Suburbs and squatters combined

       4. Agriculture (prrimary) and Industry (Secondary) are on outskirts

    3. Limitations

       1. Adopted US Style CBDS

43. European Cities

    1. Greenbelts

       1. Countryside surroundings a city

       2. Prevent urban sprawl (no competition bet. Brubs and CBDs)

    2. Microdistricts

       1. Impacts of government planners in communist states (goal is self-sufficiency)

       2. Central square, no CBD, no Suburbs

44. Urban Greenbelts

    1. An area of open land around a city on which building is restricted

    2. Ex: UK (14 greenbelt areas)

    3. Criticisms

       1. No building = higher prices for homes

       2. Increases # of commuter towers built outside the Greenbelt

45. Urban Sustainability

    1. Traditional Zoning (Problem)

       1. Regulates land use (commercial, residentialm industrial)

    2. Solutions

       1. Mixed Land Use

       2. Greenbelts

       3. Infilling

       4. New Urbanism

    3. Criticism

       1. Expensive homes; confomist landscape; racial and soscial segregation;

46. Racial Segregation

    1. Environmental injustice

       1. Minorities more likely to live in worst part of city (railroads, power plants, etc.)

       2. Growth of “disamenity zone” (no access to amenities like police and fire)

       3. Rise in food deserts

    2. Redlining

       1. Banks refused to loan to “risky” neighborhoods

    3. Blockbusting

       1. Real estate agents persuade whites to sell ther homes for cheap

       2. Black folks then move in at higher prices

47. Two types of segregation

    1. Segragation du jour

       1. This is by law such as the segregation laws of the southern states from 1870s until 1950s and 1960s

    2. De facto Segregation

       1. Not by law by by policies of banks like “redlining” or “blockcbusting”

       2. Another more recent example groups falling into more affluence or more poverty

48. Some Final Terms and Concepts

    1. Inclusionary Zoning LAws

       1. Create affordable incentives for developers to set a minimum percentage for low-ncome housing

       2. Orlando has an affordable housing crisis for even the lower-middle class

    2. Land Tenure

       1. Issue that squatter settlements face

       2. They do not have legal rights associated with land ownership

    3. Eminent Domain

       1. The government’s right to take privately owned property for public use / interest

       2. Ideally, it allows the government to build something to improve the lives of all the citizens of a community

       3. In reality, it has been used in urban area to eliminate low-income neighborhoods

Unit 7

1. The Industrial Revolution

   1. Hearth = UK (1750)

   2. It began as result of new tech and the use of raw materials (coal, Iron, and sheep)

   3. Migration from farms to cities due to factory jobs

   4. Caused food supplies and populations to increase

2. The IR and Population

   1. Food supplies increased

      1. Along with 2nd Agricultureal Revolution

      2. Proved Malthus wrong

   2. Populations increased

      1. Alon with medical revolution

      2. Demographic transition Model (as countries develop, populations stabilize)

3. The IR and politics

   1. Led to the rise of social classes

   2. Led to the rise of economic systems

   3. Led to the rise of worker’s union

4. The IR, Colonialism, and Imperialism

   1. As europe industrialized, they recognized the values of possessing colonies

   2. Colonies provided

      1. Raw materials like sugar, cotton, minerals, etc. for use in factories

      2. Labor to extract raw materials

      3. Markets where manufacturers could sell the products

      4. Ports where trading ships could stop and refuel

      5. Profits to use for investing in new factoorues and railroads

5. Results of the industrial revolutions

   1. Economic changes

      1. Expansion of world trade

      2. Factory system

      3. Mass production of goods

      4. Industrial capitalism

      5. Increased standard of living

      6. Unemployment

   2. Political changes

      1. Decline of land aristocracy

      2. Growth and exxpansiin of democracy

      3. Increased government involvement in society

      4. Increased power of industrialized nations

      5. Nationalism and imperialism stimulated

      6. Rise to power of business people

   3. Social changes

      1. Development and growth of cities

      2. Improved status and earning power of women

      3. Increase in leisure time

      4. Population increases

      5. Problems - economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc,

      6. Science and research stimulated

6. Deindustrialization

   1. Deindustrialization

      1. Decline on manufacturing (secondary jobs) in developed countries (1960s)

      2. Forces US to focus more on services (tertiary sector) and education

   2. NDDL (New international Division of Labor)

      1. Shift of production from developed to developing countries

      2. Cheaper labor in developing countries (Mexico and China) created the Rust Belt

   3. NIDL (New International Divison of Labor)

      1. Shift of production from developed to developing

      2. Ex: The Rust Belt (Jobs to MX and China)

      3. Maquiladoras

         1. US companies in Mexico

      4. Outsourcing

         1. Companies cut costs by finding the cheapest labor

7. New Manufacturing Zones

   1. Special economic zones

      1. Trade laws are different from the rest of the country

      2. Promotes foreign investment

   2. Export processing zone

      1. Areas in poor countries that assemble foreign goods

      2. Maquiladoras (US companies along Mexico’s border)

   3. Free trade zone

      1. Area around a port or airport that is tariff free

8. Special Economic Zones

   1. Area in a country that is subject to unique economic regulations that differ from the other regions of the same country

   2. Companies receive tax incentives and the opportunity to pay lower tariffs

9. Fordism (Economies of Scale)

   1. System of mass production based on division of labor

   2. Workers hated it because work was repetitive

   3. Consumers hated it because products were all the same

   4. Mass Production = cheap prices

   5. Levitown

      1. Homes were built on an “assembly line.” pieces would be delivered to the site and over two dozen construction teams would be delivered

10. Post-Fordism

    1. Automation

       1. Robots replace the human assembly line

    2. Just-in-time delivery

       1. Japapnese system whereby companies only produce as goods are orders

       2. Reduces inventory sitting around in warehouses

    3. Outsourcing

       1. Companies cut costs by seeking cheaperlabor elsewhere

       2. Ex: India (Tech support call centers)

       3. Ex: China (iPhones)

       4. Ex: Mexico (Cars)

11. The Four Industrial Revolutions

    1. 1st = mechanization, steam power, weaving loom

    2. 2nd = Mass production, assembly line, electrical energy

    3. 3rd = automation computers and electronics

    4. 4th = cyberphysical systems, internet of things, networks

12. Economic Sectors

    1. Primary (farms)

       1. Farming, mining, fishing, forestry

    2. Secondary (Factories)

       1. Manufactoring, building

    3. Tertiary (Service / offices)

       1. Marketing, banking, retail, hospitality, etc.

    4. Quaternary (Kniwkefge - based)

       1. Includes research and development, business consulting, financial services, education, public administration, and software development

    5. Quinary (highest levels of decision making)

       1. Government (the President), business (CEO)

13. Human Development Index

    1. Measures quality of life

    2. 3 factors

       1. Life expectancy + education + GNI = 1.0

       2. Closer to 1.0, the better the country

14. Sustainable Development Goals

    1. Measure progress in ________.

       1. Natural resource depletion

       2. Mass consumption

       3. Pollution

       4. Climate change

       5. Equality

       6. Ecotourism (environmental friendly)

15. Material index

    1. Total weight of raw materials / total weight of finished product

    2. final product weighs < raw materials, location is the source

       1. Ex: paper, pencils (weigh less than trees)

    3. final product is bulkier or weighs > than raw materials, location is at / near market (weight - gaining industry)

       1. Ex: beer, soda (adding water), cars

16. Gender Inequality Index

    1. 3 factors

    2. Reproductive Health

       1. Women who die giving birth + teens who give birth

    3. Empowerment% in government and education

    4. Labor Market

       1. Pay, management, and % working

17. Global Trade

    1. Comparative Advantage- ability of one competitor to produce a good or service at a cheaper price

    2. Neoliberalism- trade policies to increase global trade with lower taxes and tariffs

18. Microloans and microfinance

    1. Small loans so women can create small businesses

    2. Usually provided by individuals or NGO (Non-government organization) rather than by banks or governments

    3. Women are prothing to be credit worthy, which creates more loans for more women

    4. Improves standard of living

    5. goal is to achieve independence

19. Global Trade

    1. Comparative advantage

       1. Ability of one competitor to product a good or service at a cheaper price

    2. Complementarity

       1. Trade = one area having what another area wants

    3. Newliberalism

       1. Trade policies to increase global trade with lower taxes and tariffs

       2. Free markets over governments

       3. Ex: EU (European Union); OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries);

20. Modernization Model

    1. Bio

       1. WW Rostow (1960)

       2. Economic Adviser during Vietnam War

       3. Staunch capitalism

    2. Premise

       1. All countries can develop and rise out of poverty by adopting capitalism

       2. If Europe and the USA can, then so can the rest of the world

    3. Geo Examples

       1. UK was the 1st country

       2. Singapore (1965 - today)

    4. Rostow Model

       1. Stage 1: Traditional Society

          1. In Agriculture

       2. Stage 2: Transitional Stage

          1. Investment in infrastructure

       3. Stage 3: Take off

          1. Industrialization and urbanization

       4. Stage 4: Drive to Maturity

          1. Tech innovation and heavy industry

       5. Stage 5: High mass income

          1. High incomes and service-oriented economy

21. Core - Periphery Model (World Systems Theory)

    1. Bio

       1. Immanuel Wallerstein (1970s)

    2. Premise

       1. Countries are interdependent

       2. Core (developed) = rich countries (highly skilled; mass consumption; tertiary sector)

       3. Periphery (Underdeveloped) = poor countries (low skills; raw materials; primary sector)

       4. Semi-perriphery (developing) middle class (secondary sector)

    3. Geographic examples

       1. Core (USA, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia)

       2. Periphery (Sub-Sahara Africa, Central America)

       3. Semi=periphery (BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

22. Dependency Theory (Neocolonialism)

    1. The idea that resources flow for poor, developing countries to rich, developing countries

    2. Developing countries have natural resources (like oil) and cheap labor

    3. Developed countries buy raw materials and use cheap labor to make products

    4. developed countries need these jobs and remain in a constant state of “developing” while developed countries get rich

    5. Dependency Theory

       1. Periphery kept in a cycle of debt to the core

    6. Commodity Dependence

       1. When a country relies too much on one product

       2. Price drops or natural disasters can be severe

    7. Liberalism

       1. Assume all countries will develop

    8. Structuralism

       1. The world economy is rigged to favor the rich

23. Evaluating the model

    1. Geographic connections

       1. Core (Developed)

       2. Periphery (Developing)

       3. Semi-Periphery (BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)

    2. Limitations

       1. Anti-capitalist

       2. Neglects culture (not all want to be “rich”)

       3. Can be used at any scale (USA - core is NE, Periphery is Appalachia)

24. Conditions in the periphery

    1. Politics (unstable; corrupt leaders; misuse of foreign aid)

    2. Demographic (high rates of birth; death; infant mortality; malnutrition and disease; rural populations; overcrowding in urban areas)

    3. Social (gender inequality; low literacy rates; small middle class)

25. New International Divison of labor

    1. Periphery dependent on Core for jobs, core dependent on PIngs for cheap labor.

    2. multinational corporations need to reduce costs (get tax cutsm cheap labor, no pollution fines)

    3. Management tends to be in wealthy countried; Manufactoring in poor countries (ex: nike)

26. Locations Models

    1. Weber’s Model

       1. Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least (least cost theory)

       2. Costs: Transportation, labor, and agglomeration

    2. Hotelling’s model

       1. location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to the other industries of the same kind

    3. Losch’s model

       1. Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit

       2. Benefit: Zone of Profitability