Chapter 1 Management Notes

Leadership & Management

Difference between Leader and Manager
- Leader
  - Ability to inspire others to achieve a desired outcome.
  - Not always in a formal management position.
  - Holds formal or informal power.
  - Cannot be a leader without followers.
- Manager
  - Involves planning, organizing, directing, and coordinating.
  - Effective managers possess leadership skills.
  - Holds formal positions of power and authority.

Types of Leadership Styles
- Autocratic/Authoritarian
- Democratic
- Laissez-Faire
Types of Leaders
- Transactional Leaders
- Transformational Leaders
- Laissez-faire Leaders
- Bureaucratic (Authentic) Leaders
- Situational Leaders

Definition: The ability of an individual to perceive and manage the emotions of self and others.
Management Functions:
- Planning
- Organizing
- Staffing
- Directing
- Controlling

Involves critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment.
Critical Thinking
- Foundation for clinical decision-making.
- Used to analyze client issues and problems.
- Aligns with the nursing process.
- Assists in determining the most appropriate action.

Definition: Mental process used when analyzing the elements of a clinical situation and making decisions.
Note: Continues as the situation changes or develops.
Clinical Judgment
- Decision regarding a course of action based on critical analysis.

Clinical Judgment
- Nurses must continuously set and reset priorities to meet diverse client needs and ensure safety.
Prioritization Principles in Client Care
- Prioritize systemic before local (life before limb).
- Prioritize acute issues before chronic issues.
- Prioritize actual problems over potential future problems.
- Listen carefully to clients—avoid assumptions.
- Recognize and respond to trends vs. transient findings.
- Distinguish between medical emergencies/complications and expected findings.
- Apply clinical knowledge to procedural standards for priority actions.
- Incorporate Maslow’s Hierarchy.

Assigning
- Conducted in a downward or lateral manner among team members.
- Considerations include client factors, healthcare team factors, and other factors.
Delegating and Supervising
- Licensed nurses must provide clear directives upon initial delegation.
- Periodic reassessment and evaluation are required.
- RNs can delegate to RNs, PNs, and Assistive Personnel (APs).
- PNs can delegate to other PNs and APs.

Role in Staff Development
- Involvement in orientation, socialization, education, and training of healthcare workers.
- Ensure competency and adherence to standards set by the facility and accrediting entities.
Orientation
- Introduction to the institution and specific units.
Socialization
- Process of learning a new role and values within a group.

Method to identify and resolve performance deficiencies.
Measure performance against predetermined standards set by facilities and accrediting bodies.
All employees are involved in the quality improvement process.
The Joint Commission requires evidence of quality improvement for accreditation.

Performance Appraisal
- Process for evaluating employees based on job descriptions and expectations.
Peer Review
- Evaluation of a colleague’s practice by another peer.

Conflict Definition: Result of opposing thoughts, feelings, values, or actions.
- Categories:
  - Interpersonal Conflict
  - Intrapersonal Conflict
  - Intergroup Conflict
- Stages of Conflict
- Importance of Assertive Communication in conflict negotiation.

Definition: A perceived wrong by an employee due to unfair treatment, leading to a formal complaint.

Definition: Involves budgeting and resource allocation including human, financial, and material resources.
Budgeting is primarily the responsibility of unit managers, but input from staff nurses is valued.
Resource allocation is a joint responsibility of unit managers and practicing nurses.
Cost-effective client care must not compromise quality.