Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution: slow process which major technological advances were made from 1750-1900s

Machines replaces humor labor

New energy sources developed

Rural life disappears

• Capital: money from farmers and trade to invest in new technology and industry

• Urbanization: people moving into the cities

Bought goods from store

Most people farmed, made own clothes

• Agricultural Revolution: taking over and fencing off the land from peasant farmers, restoring soil by rotating different crops seasonally, learned to farm more productively led to the Industrial Revolution, increased population due to the influx of food

Enclosures: taking over and fencing off land from peasant farmers

Crop rotation: restoring soil byy rotating different crops seasonally

They learned to farm more productively

• Cottage industry: Make stuff in homes before there were factories. Women would sit in their houses and sew homemade materials

• James Hargreaves: English carpenter and inventor who made the spinning jenny in 1764.

• Richard Arkwright: English inventor and leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution

• Edmund Cartwright: English inventor and invented the power loom.

• James Watt: Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who made contributions to steam engine technology and the Industrial Revolution.

• Effects (Pos/Neg) of the Industrial Revolution: Positives: Economical Growth, Urbanization, Technological Innovation, Improved Standards of Living, Labor Movements. Negatives: Poor Working Conditions, Child Labor, Environmental Degradation, Social Displacement, Class Struggles

• Demographic transition model: Graph that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. Stages: Pre-Industrial, Expanding/Agricultural, Industrial, Post-Industrial, Declining Population

• Population Pyramids for all stages of the DTM: 

Stage 1: Pre-Industrial - Broad base, tapering sharply towards the top. High birth rates and high death rates lead to a youthful population with a large proportion of children. Few individuals reach old age due to high mortality.

Stage 2: Expanding/Agricultural - Still broad at the base but begins to show a more pronounced tapering. Birth rates remain high while death rates decline significantly. This results in a growing population with a larger proportion of young people, but fewer elderly compared to Stage 1.

Stage 3: Industrial - More rectangular shape, with a noticeable narrowing at the base. Birth rates start to decline as families have fewer children. The population pyramid shows a more balanced distribution across age groups, with a significant number of working-age individuals.

Stage 4: Post-Industrial - Rectangular or slightly inverted, indicating low birth and death rates. Both birth and death rates are low, leading to an aging population. There is a more even distribution across age groups, with a significant proportion of older adults.

Stage 5: Declining Population - Inverted pyramid or hourglass shape. Birth rates fall below death rates, resulting in a shrinking population. The pyramid shows a larger proportion of older individuals compared to younger ones, indicating potential challenges related to an aging population.

Population boom: labor supply: many workers needed to mine, build factories, and run machines.

Natural resources: britain has huge supply of iron and coal

Capital: money from farmers and trade to invest in new technology and industry

Questions to review for the Industrial Revolution:

• What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain? Increased food production, Economic changes, Urbanization, Technological innovations, Land enclosure.

• Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? Natural Resources (Britain had abundant resources of coal and iron ore), Geography, Capital and Banking, Political Stability, Technological Innovation, Labor Supply, Colonial Trade

• What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe? The social impact of industrialization in Europe was profound and multifaceted. It led to urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work in factories. This shift resulted in overcrowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and increased disease. The working class faced harsh working conditions, long hours, and low wages.

• What were some complaints about the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution? Long working hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, child labor, lack of worker’s rights, poor living conditions.

• Discuss some major inventors and inventions during the Industrial Revolution. James Watt: He improved the steam engine in the late 1760s, Eli Whitney: Best known for inventing the cotton gin in 1793, Richard Arkwright: He invented the water frame in 1769, George Stephenson: developed the first successful steam locomotive, Samuel Morse: Although primarily known for his contributions to telegraphy, Morse developed the Morse code in the 1830s, Henry Bessemer: He invented the Bessemer process in the 1850s, Louis Pasteur: While not an inventor in the traditional sense, Pasteur’s work in microbiology during the latter part of the Industrial Revolution led to the development of pasteurization and vaccines,

• What factors led to the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America? Technological Innovations, Access to Natural Resources, Capital Investment, Labor Supply, Transportation Improvements, Political Stability and Economic Policies, Colonial Markets, Scientific Advancements

• What are the characteristics of the stages of the DTM? Stage 1: High Stationary: Birth Rate: High and fluctuating due to lack of family planning, high infant mortality, and agricultural society norms. Death Rate: High and fluctuating due to disease, famine, and poor medical knowledge. Population Growth: Very slow or stable, with little overall population change. Stage 2: Early Expanding: Birth Rate: Remains high but begins to decline slowly as society starts to improve in health care and sanitation. Death Rate: Falls significantly due to improvements in healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation. Population Growth: Rapid increase as the gap between birth and death rates widens. Stage 3: Late Expanding: Birth Rate: Declines more rapidly as access to contraception increases and societal norms shift towards smaller families. Death Rate: Continues to decline but at a slower rate; health care remains improved. Population Growth: Slows down as the birth rate approaches the death rate. Stage 4: Low Stationary: Birth Rate: Low and stable, often influenced by economic factors, education, and women’s participation in the workforce. Death Rate: Low and stable due to advanced healthcare and living standards. Population Growth: Stabilizes, with little to no growth; population may even begin to decline in some cases. Stage 5: Declining (optional stage): Birth Rate: Very low, sometimes below replacement level, leading to concerns about an aging population. Death Rate: Remains low, but the population may start to decline if birth rates do not recover. Population Growth: Negative growth or very slow growth, with potential challenges related to an aging demographic.

• How do you read a population pyramid? Age distribution, Gender ratio, Trends over time, Dependency ratio

• What do population pyramids tell governments? Age Distribution: Governments can assess the proportion of different age groups, which helps in understanding the needs for education, healthcare, and social services. A youthful population may require more schools and childcare facilities, while an aging population may need increased healthcare services and retirement support. Population Growth Trends: The shape of the pyramid indicates whether a population is growing, stable, or declining. A broad base suggests high birth rates and potential future growth, while a narrow base may indicate declining birth rates and possible population decrease. Dependency Ratios: By analyzing the proportions of dependents (youth and elderly) compared to the working-age population, governments can evaluate economic pressures. High dependency ratios may strain public resources and necessitate policies to support the workforce. Labor Market Planning: Understanding the age distribution helps governments anticipate future labor market needs. A large cohort entering the workforce may require job creation strategies, vocational training, and employment policies. Healthcare Needs: An aging population indicated by a larger proportion of older individuals signals the need for enhanced healthcare services, geriatric care, and policies addressing chronic diseases. Migration Policies: Changes in the population pyramid over time can inform governments about migration patterns. For instance, a shrinking workforce may prompt policies to attract immigrants or retain young people. Social Services and Infrastructure: Insights from population pyramids guide investments in infrastructure, such as housing, transportation, and community services, tailored to the demographic profile. Long-term Planning: Population pyramids help in forecasting future demographic changes, allowing governments to plan for sustainable development, resource allocation, and policy adjustments over time.

• If there is a larger population of children, the government should focus on providing education. If there is a larger population of elderly people, the government should focus on delivering retirement homes, healthcare, or medicine. If there was a large working-age population, the government should focus on providing more job opportunities.