Collective Security & Supranationalism

yellow = important stuff

Collective Security

• Security of the group is secured by working together to stop aggression

• Conditions of UN Peacekeeping

  • Stand between sides that have agreed to a ceasefire

  • Needs to be accepted by both conflicting parties

  • Cannot fire unless fired upon (self-defense)

Peacemaking

• Military intervention (use of force) to restore peace in an area (ironic - aggression of Hitler shows the necessity though)

• Shows somewhat conflicting goals on peace/stability

• Supporting governance, mediation, and arbitration, training, and rebuilding societies

  • Which is carried out by..

    • Multinational member force (UN puts it together with the members army)

    • NATO (has carried out peacekeeping)

    • African Union (has a peacekeeping force for Africa)

    • EU (peace keeping force for EU countries)

African Union

• Has 55 African Nations as members

• Work to improve and secure democracy, human rights, and stable economy in Africa

• Masterplan is to transform Africa into a future global powerhouse

• Inclusive and sustainable development

• Pan-African drive for unity, self-determination, freedom, progress and collective prosperity pursued under Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance (rebirth)

• Continental and regional integration

• Repositioning Africa to become a dominant player in global arena

NATO

• Created in 19149

• Originally created to secure peace in Europe, cooperation, collective defence from the threat of the Soviet Union (during the Cold War)

• Now - ensures collective defence of its members, as well as partners with non-member countries and organizations

  • also protects stability, foreign partnerships, and new security threats

    • security threat eg. cyber hacking, WPD’s, illegal immigrant, trade, etc, terrorism, protection of energy, climate change, NATO borders, etc

• Has 32 member countries

  • Sweden and Finland being the newest additions - due to increased Russian aggression

Supranationalism

• Involves nations setting aside some of their sovereignty so they can join together into an organization (partnership)

• Requires setting aside some of the nations national interest/sovereignty

  • called pooling sovereignty - shared decision making

• Collective defense means that in an attack, an attack against one is an attack against all (all of the allies)

  • Principle of collective defense is enshrined in Article 5

Supra-nationalist Laws

• Law of the Sea (UNICLOS)

• Geneva Conventions (Laws of War)

• WTO ( deals with international laws of trade

• Violation will be judged by the International Court of Justice (World Court)

• All supra-nationalist organization are funded by gov’t, thus are IGO’s (international gov’t. org)

Harmonization

• International governmental org. makes all rules equally applied to different countries

  • eg. WTO and EU Members

Multilateralism

• multiple countries working together

Bilateralism

• 2 countries working together

  • eg. NORAD between USA and Canada

NORAD (Northern Aerospace Defense Command) - from video

• Secure skies over North America

• Created in 1950’s during cold war

• Formed to provide warnings, shoot down invading planes

• Based inside Cheyenne Mountain, safe from nuclear attacks

  • “mini city” inside, water sources, withstands an atomic bomb

• Changed role from defense to aerial surveillance (monitor illegal drug trade)

• Role change again after 9/11, realized the country was vulnerable from attacks within the country

• Put in charge of surveilling Maritime areas

• Works with Canada, org. takes command from either countries gov’t, working together is better than working alone

War on Terror

• Imbalance on power

• US military developed to invade Afghanistan, and later Iraq without the UN’s approval (after 9/11 had happened)

• Human rights = victims of “war on terror”