Chinese Literature

Overview of Chinese Literature

  • Chinese Literature is a significant literary heritage, influencing other Asian countries, notably Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

Development of Chinese Literature

  • Body of work primarily written in Chinese encompasses:

    • Lyric poetry

    • Historical writing

    • Didactic (instructional) writing

    • Drama

    • Fiction and various narrative forms

Historical Context

Rich History

  • Chinese literature boasts a history that spans thousands of years, intricately linked with the various dynasties of China.

Major Dynasties and Their Literary Contributions

  • Xia Dynasty (2070-1600 BC)

    • Early development of literary forms.

    • Foundations of Chinese writing and basic philosophical literature.

  • Shang Dynasty (1600-1050 BC)

    • Further developments in religious and philosophical texts.

  • Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC)

    • Emergence of varied forms of literature.

  • Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC)

    • Notable for legalistic literature and consolidation of writing system.

  • Han Dynasty (206-220 AD)

    • Introduction of the "Fu" form (a combination of prose and poetry).

    • Growth of scientific and historical texts.

  • Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

    • Growth in poetry and development of woodblock printing.

    • Poetic works known for concise and rhythmic expression.

  • Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)

    • Established strict rules in poetry, evolution into "Ci" form, resembling musical compositions.

    • Travel literature and philosophical essays emerged.

  • Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 CE)

    • Focus on drama and fiction; emergence of various genres of plays.

  • Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) Dynasties

    • Rise in novel writing reflecting cultural shifts and economic changes.

Four Great Classical Novels of Ancient China

  • Not detailed in the content, but acknowledged as significant contributions to Chinese literature.

Significant Works and Poetry

Book of Odes (Shih Ching)

  • Compiled by Confucius; a collection of 305 poems from 1000 to 600 BC.

  • Represents the oldest existing examples of Chinese poetry.

  • Content includes folk songs, ritualistic poems, and hymns; focusing on daily life themes.

  • Forms defined:

    • Consistent structure with four-character lines; various stanza lengths.

    • Rhymes are occasional, with a focus on economy of expression.

Notable Poets

  • Du Fu

    • Acclaimed as one of the greatest poets; known for works like "The Ballad of the Army Cats" reflecting societal issues.

  • Li Bai

    • Famous for vivid imagery and conversational tone; notable poem: "Alone and Drinking under the Moon."

  • Wang Wei

    • Poet and painter during the Tang dynasty, whose works were inspired by landscapes.

  • Mo Yan

    • Nobel Prize-winning fiction writer; known for "Red Sorghum" detailing wartime experiences.

Philosophical Contributions

  • Confucius

    • Major philosopher known for significant influence on Chinese literature and thought; the Western name derived from Kung Fu-tze.

  • Po-Chu-I

    • Important poet representing classical tradition in literature.