Alexander V- Elected Pope by Council of Pisa

Boniface VIII- Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority

Charles VI- Insane king of France

Charles VII- Crowned by Joan of Arc, king of France from 1422 until his death

Christine de Pizan- Author, women's rights advocate

Ciompi- Wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry, who revolted in 1378

Clement V- Pope who moved from Rome to Avignon

Clement VI- Pope who crushed Flagellant movement

Clement VII- Pope elected by French, competed against Urban V

Decameron- Book that describes life in 14th century Italy, captures citizens' reactions to the

Divine Comedy- Book by Dante Alighieri, describes soul's progression into heaven

Edward III- King of England from 1327 to 1377 who had a claim to the French throne. Quarrel between him and the french king began the Hundred Years' War. English king, overthrew father and had claim to French throne

Geoffrey Chaucer- Wrote Canterbury Tales

Gerard Groote- Founded Modern Devotion

Giotto- Italian painter, forerunner to Italian Renaissance

Giovanni Boccaccio- Writer of the Decameron

Giovanni di Dondi- Constructed most accurate clock at the time

Grandi- Wealthy rulers of Republic of Florence

Gregory XI- The last Avignon Pope

Henry III- English king, gave up all possessions in France except Duchy of Gascony

Henry IV- Henry of Lancaster, deposed Richard II and made himself king

Henry V- King of England from 1413 until 1422, noted for military success in the Battle Agincourt. Renewed 100 years' war, won Battle of Agincourt

John II- King of France who got captured at Battle of Poitiers

Marsiglio of Padua- Wrote Defender of the Peace, denied spiritual authority's power over temporal authority

Martin V- Pope elected by Council of Constance, ended Schism

Meister Eckhart- founder of mysticism

Petrarch- One of Europe's greatest lyric poets

Philip IV- King of France from 1285 until his death, also known as "the fair." His clashes with Edward III of England began the Hundred Years' War. The Fair, died without an heir, quite the failure, Captured Boniface VIII.

Richard II- King who was 14 during the Peasant Revolt of 1381, promised to accept their demands but later arrested the rebels

Statute of Laborers- a set of laws passed by the British Parliament which attempted to limit wages and forbid peasant mobility

Visconti- Dictator of Duchy of Milan

Battle of Agincourt- Overwhelming victory for the English against the French in the Hundred Years' war, in 1415.

Charles V- French king who recovered all lands lost to England

English Peasant Revolt of 1381- A prominent uprising in 1381 against monarchy's imposed taxes upon the peasant population

Flagellants- people who wandered from town to town, whipping themselves to win the forgiveness of God, whom they thought had sent the plague as punishment for sins

Hundred Years' War- Series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 in dispute over the right of succession to the French throne

Isabella- "she-wolf" of France

Joan of Arc- French peasant girl who led the French army and rallied them against the British.

Little Ice Age- A period of noticeable weather cooling in the late 13th century

longbow- a bow invented by the Welsh, used by the English in the Hundred Years' War.

Mongols- Created a vast empire, brought the plague from Asia to Europe

pogroms- The worst organized massacre of Jews in Germany during the Black Plague

scutage- A payment made to a lord in substitution to military service

Black Death- mid-14th century pandemic, most devastating natural disaster in European history

Black Prince- Edward, Prince of Wales

Calais- Small, coastal town in France that was captured by the English during the 100 years' war and remained in its possession for an additional century.

Capetian Dynasty- French dynasty that went extinct

Catherine of Siena- Mystic who convinced Gregory XI to return to Rome