Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1. MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

OBJECTIVES: The students will be able to:

• Define what is matter

• Identify states of matter

• Describe properties of matter

• Classify matter

THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

All matter is made up of particles with spaces between them. Particles vary, from long-lasting particles like protons to short-lived ones like top quarks.

STATES OF MATTER

Matter exists in distinct forms: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas where sufficient energy frees electrons from atoms or molecules.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Intensive Properties: Such as density and color, do not depend on the amount present.

• Physical Properties: Measured without altering the substance's identity.

• Chemical Properties: Can only be measured by changing the substance's chemical identity.

WAYS OF CLASSIFYING MATTER

• Matter exists mainly as solid, liquid, or gas.

• Solid: Tightly packed particles.

• Liquid: More loosely packed particles.

• Gas: Extremely loosely packed particles without defined shape or volume.

WAYS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

Individual substances can be separated using various methods based on the type of mixture, including:

• Filtration: Separating solids from liquids using a filter.

• Evaporation: Heating to form solid crystals from a solution.

• Distillation: Separating components based on boiling points.

• Chromatography: Analyzing and separating compounds.

• Decanting: Allowing solids and liquids to settle for separation.

• Centrifugation: Using centrifugal force to separate heavier particles from liquids.

FILTRATION

The process of separating suspended solids from liquids by passing through a filter, with the liquid that passes through known as the filtrate.