Industrial Revolution

Topic: Making of the Modern World

The industrial revolution
People earned wealth through mainly agriculture -98% of people For 1000s of years
Modern times Stock market, investing, land Only 2% of Austrians are farmers
Why - an industrial revolution within agriculture occurred big time (aka technological revolution) Areas such as Asia; India, China, had large amounts of land as well as, therefore more farmland India had the and still has the second-largest population More countries - France, Russia, Ukraine (said to have the best farmland) The industrial revolution surprisingly began in Britain. - 1760s Surprising? - Britain is a small country with a small population Britain had large farms India, China etc had small farmlands easy to work in Wiser to have bigger farms considering how big the land is Essentially, there wasn’t the struggle Britain had With small population and large farms, they had to therefore partake in what became the industrial revolution Must find better resources in Agriculture to have a wealthy economy Britain near coast, not like other Countries like Russia in middle of continent Industrialisation → the use of machines to make goods Facts about Britain Industries appear in areas of high population Access to energies played a key role to in location of the industry Access to sea played a role to where industries were located Industries were located to their largest markets Iron industries appear to be located in proximity to coalfields as iron requires coal to function Distribution of coal field industries suggest railways were invented well after the Industrial Revolution due to their being limited resources Shipbuilding played an important role in the Industrial Revolution as it allows large amounts of goods shipped overseas and enables trade textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. Changes brought by the industrial revolution 8/01/23 Use of coal and steam power + new mass production techniques Made and sold worldwide Changed the way wealth was distributed around the world Changed how things were sold worlwide The way wealth was distributed around the world They way people lived Time line of important events beginning of industrial revolution
1698 - Thomas Savery desigined the first steam engine to pump water out of coal mine
1750s - industrial revolution, power to drive new materials began when in Europe started to use coal and steam
1764 - spinning jenny - one of the new inventions for spinning yarn and making clothes → James Hargreaves
1769 - Richard Arkwright established the first factory
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1785 - new invention, water-powered loom, pioneering mass production techniques that soon spread to other industries
Until 1800s people used biomass fuels eg. wood, animal and human energy
Steam power was developed and used in industry, coal and other fossil fuels used as chemical resource
Began industrial revolution mainly began in England, soon spread globallyTradtionally, items were made by hand at home, or by local craftspeople
Replaced by items made in larger quantities at a lower cost by machine in factories
Towns and cities growing from people in factory
Main source of being transported horses
First passenger railway made possible by George Stephson’s locomotive design
Carriage reflects and drawn by a horse
One method of transportation to another
Steam powered
Cheaper, easier and faster to move goods around the country
First used in 1500s in Germany
Simple wooden rails that horse - drawn carts or wagons would move along
Early wagon ways developed into tramways - iron rails on the roads, horses pullong wagon
developments during the beginning of the industrial revolution began in the textile industry
New communication technologiesTelegraph later telephone
New customer goods also invented
Changed way people worked and lived
People in industrialised countries could buy more mass produced goods than before
Cheaper → more goods lower value
Machinery and equipment in factories improved over time → mass production also gradually developed
Mass production
Not possible before industrialisation + development of factory system
Revolution in warfare
New weapons eg. powerful warships, the machine gun and tanks
Factory system → weapons could be produced in greater quantities
Before industrial revolution
Wealth and power was based on owning land
End of 1800s
Wealth based on owning capital
Industrialised european countries expanded their trade + influence into other parts of the world
Often by force , countires that had not industrialised could not compete as equals
The world was soon divided between the wealthy industrial countries and the countries that had been colonised

9/02/23 The Rise of Parliamentary power in Britain
1648 → English King, Charles I defeated in civil war against his people led by Oliver corwell and other members of the English Parliament
English monarchy abolished, and the country ruled the Parliament
1660 → the monarchy was reinstated with the king’s son invited to take the thrown (Charled II)
New arrangement
Monarchy share power with Parliament
Control day-to-day running fo the country
Write land and farmer answer here
1700s → land-owning aristocrats and buisnessmen made up the majority of the British Parliament
Over 18th century → land-owning aristocracy patrician absolute monarchs who rule the same way medieval king did
Britain land-owners and buisnessmen free to invest new ideas, overseas trainings and technology
Major reason why the industrial revolution began in Britain and was successful
1850s, Britain world’s leading manufacturing nation
Referred to as “the workship of the world.”
14/02/23 Britain and its empire
18th & 19th century → Great Britain gradually became largest empire known
Achieved through
Successful wars
Exploration and colonisation of new lands in North America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region
Global expansion driven by
Rapidly growing population
An era of scientific discovery and invention → resulted in the First Industrial Revolution
Demands for new sources of raw materials, food and manufactured goods both Britain and throughout the world
British merchants made fortunes
Reinvested in new technology, factories and new forms of transportation
Eg. railways
British empires provided
raw materials eg. cotton
New markets for manufactured goods
An abundant source of cheap labour
Slave trade
Britain + many other countries made huge profits from the slave trade until…
Abolished by law Britain 1807

cropped
Simplified illustration of the ‘Triangular Trade’ showing how the lucrative slave trade operated → source A
Demonstrates how manufactured goods were shipped from England to Africa
Were used to payment for slaves
Ships loaded with slaves who were transported to America and the West Indies
Put to work → cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations
Slaves exchanged Britain
Raw materials exchange for slaves shipped back to Britain
Transformed into finished products
Exported overseas to Europe and the British Empire
Resources and raw materials
Raw materials - basic materials used to make another product
Industrialisation - the development of industry on a large scale
Furnace - an enclosed structure in which material can be heated to very high temperatures, e.g. for smelting metals.

Britain not only largest empire and navy + enormous quantities of natural resources
Huge coal and iron ore deposits in Britain → both ESSENTIAL to industrialisation
Coal → used as fuel for steam engines
In turn drove the factory machines and fuelled furnaces that produced iron and steal
Essential to industrialisation and manufacturing
source B - during the 18th century, the Thames was one the busiest and most congested ports in the world. Ships arrived there loaded with goods from Britain’s colonies.

18/02/2023 NATURE & SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Key terms and their definitions
Biomass
Dead plant and animal material suitable for the use as fuel
Capital
The money or goods that can be used to create industries and income
Mass productions
The manufacture of large quantities of the same item
Consumer goods
Products that people buy to satisfy their needs and wants
Fossil fuels
Fuel, such as gas, coal and oil, that have been formed underground from plant and animal remains over millions of years
Manufacturing
The buisness of producing goods in large amounts
Factory system
The building or a set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines
Loom
A piece of equipment for wearing thread into cloth
Revolution
A very important chane in the way people do things
Industrialisation
The process of developing industries; the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods.
Industrial revolution → marked the beginning of the technological revolution
That continues to affect our lives
New ideas of producing goods
Began in the mid-eighteenth century
Prior industrial revolution
People produced needs in ways that had not changed in centuries
By mid-nineteenth century
Affected enormous changes in the way people worked and lived
Changes began to spread in the world
The Agricultural Revolution
Nitrogen needed to grow soil
Largely made out of hydrocarbons
Nitrogen in soil depletes → plants don’t grow
Beginning of agricultural revolution
Plant which put nitrogen in soil →miracle plant
Miracle plant die and nitrogen settle back in, more fertile the soil previously
ITS A CLOVERRR
No private individual owns crown-land
Middle ages
Land used by anyone → common land
More common land = better
18 century England = no starve - things sir said
1750 and mid-1800s
England underwent an agricultural revolution
Historians believe that without this revolution, Britain would not be able to achieve industrialisation
Ppl need to eat food, people weren’t living long lives
agricultural revolution took place bc Britian’s population growing rapidly → more food needed to be produced
When population booms happened in England and throughout the world
People ceased fairly quickly - age 35ish i think
This is due to agriculture could not produce enough food to feed the extra people
however , 1750 → new ways farming allowed the population boom to continue
In turn would provide surplus of cheap labour for industrialisation
18th century → gov encouraged enclosure land
Opening farming on strips of common land → replaced with enclosed fields surrounded by hedges or stone walls
Greatly improved efficiency of crop production
Enclosure = farmers could experiment with new ideas + farming techniques
New crops grown
Clay and lime used as ferlisers
Some farmers → specialised in animal breeding = heavier and healthier life stock
Wide variety of new machinery
Developed to improve efficiency of the cutting and threshing of grain
Important because bread made from grain → stable diet of Brisih people

Paining of 19th century pig was painted unrealistically bc the farmer wants to show how rich farmer can produce a pig this fat, how productive his farm is
Source c - 1600-1700 largest percentage of land was enclosed

source D - nobles and whole country benefited
Work in industry short term bad → harsh conditions, suffer
Long term → good
French people called → french frogs by britain bc they could only afford to eat frogs and snails
French people call British ppl → Roast beef → rich enough to produce roast beef, poor people could even eat meat

19/02/2023 The development of steam-powered machines -- left of

Earth water table → dig → whater in the earth where potentially coal mine - sir said in class
Early years of industrial revolution relied on traditional sources to provide power
For aagriculutral use, machinery in factories and for transport
Development of steam engine = steam rapidly replaced horse, win and water power
Steam power → one of the most significant advances of the industrial revolution
First steam powered engine → Thomas Savery (1698)
The first steam engine to have an actual practical use was the ‘atmospheric engine’ → developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1706
Essentially wasn’t used until advanced
Machine primarily used to pump surplus water out of underground mines, mainly coal mines
Steam powered in coal mines
Necomen engine → allowed underground coal mines to be sunk to greater depths than had previously been possible.
Removing excess water had always been one of the barriers + amount and the quality of coal that could be extracted
Coal mining was very important in the mid-1700s as → the coal mine industry had to expand rapidly to meet the demand of increase in demands for fuel and coal due to industrial revolution gathered pace
James Watt’s steam engine
Steam engine → developed in the late 1760s
Produced and engine that had a separate compartment for cooling the steam back to water → after used to drive a piston (a moving disk enclosed in a cylinder which is made gas-tight by piston rings. The disk moves inside the cylinder as a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands and contracts. A piston aids in the transformation of heat energy into mechanical work and vice versa.)
Piston powerd engine had a large fly
Therefore could provide the same contentious power that had previously been possible using water wheel
Steam engine sold by Watt and his partner Matthew Boulton
Used to power different types of machinery
Increase domination of steam
Industrial revolution developed → steam engine to power larger machines → led to bigger factories that could be located for traditional power sources such as water
19th century → steam power also revolutionised transportation, both on land (railways) and on sea (shipping.)
Oh can you just shut up theOh can you just shut up the industrial revolution people and wealth to mainly agriculture
24/02/2022 Britian’s Key Resources: Coal Iron
Coals → large use of household fuel prior to industrial revolution
Timber was MAIN source of energy before IR
Demand for timber increased
Due to → wide rang of uses, eg. fuelling, source and construction material → both housing and shipping
During time, rapid population growth
No plantation ---> timber was used at a faster rate → timber couldn’t be replaced
Coal provide part solution → key role, fueling the machines
Which drove IR
Iron → essential to IR
Provided strong building materials for railways, steam engines, bridges and buildings
Two innovations in Iron production
Made it possible → large quantities of high quality iron → supply to high demans in new created industries
1st innovation
1709 → ironmaster Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale in England
Coke : a form of processed coal that burns much hotter than regular coal
Discovered how to use coke as a fuel for the blast furnaces used in iron making
Greatly reduced cost of iron production
Due to this, Iron + coal → linked and ironwork began to appear in Britain wherever there were coalfields.
2nd innovation
1783-84 → Henry Cort known as ‘rolling and puddling’ produced stronger, more easily working iron wrought → known as wrought iron
Process illuminated impurities in carbon → especially carbon → that reduced its strengths
Achieved through stirring molten with iron bars
While still in furnace
Carbon was brought to surface where it could be burnt of

Iron cooled in semi molten state
Rolled to remove any remaining impurities
Wrought iron → very strong and fast to produce
Originally → taken 4 hrs, now take 45mins
Before development → effective methods of steelmaking and availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the common form of malleable iron
This iron → far less brittle than it predessccors, great deal of strong
Quickly bebame the buildling material choice of construction
Bridge building blossomed
Here and around the globe
Many of the most unrecognisable structures built during period → wrought iron as their main construction materials → Sources C and B
1860s→ demand for wrought iron reached its peach
Rapidly declines
Mild steel became more widely available

19/02/2023 Developing transport networks : Roads
Prior 18th century → roads → little more than dirt tracks, impossible to travel on in winter
Responsibility of local landowners/farmers → little willingness to maintain long distance travellers
Changed → industrial revolution
Large numbers of people and goods needed to move around the country
To and from industrial areas and the cities
‘Turnpike trusts’, created acts of Parliament → in order to raise funds needed to maintain the roads
Turnpike → a road on which tollgates are established in order to collect tolls (payments) from those who use it
Trusts → generally groups of investors and business owners, given authority to collect tolls from road users
1700s…series of toll roads built → Linking major towns and cities
Roads quality
Usually well drained often
Surfaced with gravel and eventually bitumen
Bitumen - a binding agent produced from petroleum.

New roads = people could travel around the country quickly, faster + more efficient mail service
HOWEVER, large quantities of heavy goods and raw materials, still expensive + difficult to transport by road, using horse and cart

Developing transport networks: CanalsSeries of canals → built throughout Britain and Europe to link ports and rivers → industrial areas and cities
Provided cheap, reliable way of transporting heavy goods and materials over long distances
Developed quickly → abundance of rivers and proximity of large cities to the sea
Built in north and centre of England
Linking ports in → liverpool
London
Bristol
Industrial Areas of → Birmingham, manchester and leeds
Funding → rich businessmen → y? Needed to move their raw materials and finished products quickly and cheaply
1775 → First canal
Linking coalfields of St Helens to the River Mersey and Liverpool
1830 → more than 50 canals in Britian over 40 000 people employed jobs related to canals
Whole families lived on canal braves
Transported coal, ione, ore, cotton and fragile good eg. pottery and glass
‘Canal Age’ → very short
HOWEVER → slow and expensive to build
1840s canals → declined
Mainly bc rapidly replaced by the railways
Faster, cheaper form of transport

4/03/2023 Developing transport networks: Railways
Transport revolution
Revolusionised when iron tracks were used + new invention → steam powered locomotive
1802 → young Richard Trenvithic
Patented - obtain a patent for (an invention)."an invention is not your own until it is patented"
Patented a high-pressure steam engine
Lighter + more efficient in comparison to previous SE designs
So light → it could be mounted on a cart
1804 → RT realised potential when in 1804 his “locomotive” pulled five wagons, a coach and 70 passengers along 14 kilometres of his track in south wales
Locomotive - a powered railway vehicle used for pulling trains.
Historic event → lasted 2 hrs → marked the first ever train journey
TWhen on to design other locomotives
All financials failures :(
Eg. including his novelty ‘catch-me-who-can’ ride → transported passengers on a circular track for a fee of one shilling
Novelty - the quality of being new, original, or unusual.
"the novelty of being a married woman wore off"
Attracted interest of other engineers
Modified and improved his ideas
Engineer George Stepenson → constructed the 43 kilometer Stockton to Darlington railway → opened in 1825
This in turn led to merchants from Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Plan for line..
Also to be designed and built by Stephenson and his son Robert
..that a double track line would be laid allowing for trains to travel broth ways simultaneously
Brining raw materials to Manchester and returning completed goods to Liverpool’s port for export
Canal and turnpike owners bitterly complained
Despite being offered compensation
Fearing the railway
would pollute the crops
terrify the livestock predicting that travelling at such speeds would blind and deafen passengers
Not valid since none actually occurred
1829
A competetion held to find the best steam locomotive to work the line
George S entered his own design
The “rocket”
Easily won with top speed of 46 km per hr
1830
Two way track opened
Proved to all that the ‘Railway Age’ had begun
1840
3000 railway tracks in Britain
1870
25 00 tracks built by engineers eg, Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Railways summ
Changed lives of ordinary people in many ways
Gained in speed and efficiency
National sporting leagues began
Daily postal service began
Letters could reach other end of the country → few days rather than weeks
Impact on society
People able to travel between cities and regions to take holidays + visit relatives
New “railway towns”
Grew at important railway crossing points and railways brough jobs and prosperity to the regions they passed through
Most importantly
Railways were able to transport the resources needed for the Industrial revolution
Became essential to trade and communications not only in Britian but throughout Europe and globally

2.9 The ‘workshop of the world’
Britain
First country to experience industrialisation
Led the world in factory production
Led in mechanisation of transport and agriculture
Exports of british techniques and inventions + domination of the world industrial population
Led Britian’s becoming known as the ‘workshop of the world’
A world leader
1850 → became the most dominant industrial power in the world
Produced more than 50% of the world’s textile products
80% of its coal
50% of its iron
Other countries → turneed to British engineers to build their railways + import British machinery to set up their own factories
British steam engine → biggest and most powerful and were exported to all parts of the world
Industrialisation in Europe
Napolenic Wars ended
1815 → Britain + the continent of Europe → once more free to exchange ideas and trade
New industrial methods → pioneered in Britian → taken up in other countries
France
1832 → first railways began
Financed by French entrepreneurs and banks BUT
Virtually all railways construction was carried out nder the supervision of British engineers
1850s → imported British locomotives were used until the 1850s, → french industry began to build their own
1800s → slowthing throughout 19th century, industrialization grew in France
Agriculture remained the dominant economic activity

GermanyUnification - the process of being united or made into a whole.
"the costs of German unification"
1871 → became unified country
Prussia → industrialised occurred initially
Most powerful of the independent German states
Access to rich coal and iron ore deposits of the Rhineland
Prussian quickly established a thriving iron + steel industry
1835 → first German railways were built in
1850 → half as many railways as Germany + twice as much as France
1871 → after unification → Expanded industrial production
1900s → by the beginning of the 20th century, producing more steel than Britain
The United States in industrialised
Cotton → #1 cash-crop in US
Spread quickly in Nor amer
1783 → following independence front Britain
Set about developing their own industries → by innovations of their own
1793 → Samuel Slater → technology for water-powered textiles production
1794 → Eli Witney - cotton gin + machines or separating seeds from raw cotton
1800s → early 19th century → American inventors eg. Robert Fulton → application of steam-powered boats were pioneered
1840s → Samuel Morse → developed the telegraph
1876 → Alexandra Graham Bell → first to patent workable telephone
Both inventions revolutionised communication
As in Europe + Americas → developed iron and steel industry
1800s → 19th century → pushed through network of railways
The Great Exhibition
1851 → the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
Held in hyde park → London
Intended as celebration of technology + design from all over the world
Aim of demonstrating British Industrial Power
Held in temporary steel and glass building → ‘Crystal Palace’
Designed to show off British innovation
Quality and quantity of British innovation on show was a clear indication
Britain was the ‘workshop of the world. ’
5 /03/2023 Working ConditionsOver 19th century → proportion of Britain’s population worked in factories and mines increasingly enormous
Cottage industry → goods made by hand in home
1841 - pop of engl 16
1901 - pop of engl 35
Increase absorbed by rapidly industrialising cities → worker toil → enriched factory owners
Workers → high price for great wealth produced
Many years
No laws regarding levels of pay, working hours, safety, or the minimum age of workers
Working people
Laboured for long hours with low pay
Very dangerous and unhealthy conditions
Young children edured same condition as adults
1860s → 60 hour work customary for most
Living conditions in rapdily industrialising ties
Todays standards - squalid - disgusting
Workers housing owned by factory owners
Some workers paid rent out of small wages
Vivid description of the conditions
Excited in the growing industrial city of Manchester in northern England → provided in French Engle’s book → source CTrade unions
Tried to improve their conditions via trade union
Before industrial revolution - some skilled workers organisations had existed
1799 → organisations banned under Combination Acts
Illegal for workers to join together to fight for better pay and conditions
1824 → Acts repealed
Strikes → just don’t go to work
Pickets → surround factory place so other workers can take job
Workers used strikes and pickets to try win justice
1825
British Government outlawed tactics
1820s overall
trade unionism grew rapidly despite resistance
ESPECIALLY textile industry
1830sBTrade unionism reflected concern not only with immediate issue but fundamentally changing society
Unionist worked in form of cooperative societies
Running own business so eventually no need for capitalists who owned factory
Trade Unions
Aus not highly industrilaised country
Inherited trade union traditions from Britian
1840s
Aus union emerged
1860s - 1880s
Unionism became stronger
1890s
Hughes strikes
Employers tried to destroy many of the gains won by Aus workers
Strikes defeated but ..
Aus continued to have one of the highest levels of trade union membership in the world
1850s
Trade unions succeeded winning and eight - hr working day for some skilled tradesmen
Other workers → including women and children
Worked 10 or more hours a day for lower wages

Working Conditions & Child Labour

Working conditions
Before industrial revolutions
Workers produced goods on small scale → in homes or in small workshops
Gave workers more independence as they could decide how they will work
Factories became established and pop grew
Ppl when ot cities to find work + faced terrible conditions in mines, mills and factories
No laws governing employment safety
Industrialist + factory owners exploited workers
Poorly paid
Worked long hrs
Dangerour conditions often
→ in order to maximise profits (factory owners gain)
No compensations for injury or death
Workers could be sacked or laid off work without reasons
No machines or safety guards
No fire regulations → workers sick from dust and smoke
Worker refused or complained to do work → plenty of other people who wanted to take their place
“Maybe jobs not widely available?”
“Needed more money”
Workers who lost their jobs
Whole family would suffere as there are no social benefits or housing for unemployed workers
1831
Public outrage as such poor working conditions and poverty in industrial towns
Group of politicians formed Ten Hours MovementAim → to reduce working day to a maximum of 10 hours
1833
Gov set up series of committees to investigate situation of factories
First Factory Act was passed
Act banned children from under 9 being employed in textile industry and limited the hours young ppl could work for
1842
Mines Act passed
Banning children and women from working underground
1847
Ten Hours Act
Made it law that women and children under 18 were to work no more than 10 hrs
Child Labour
Before industrial revolutions
Children worked alongside their parents in homes + fields + small family workshops
Kids → learn skill from parents → who cared for them as they worked
Children sent out to work bc of parents were very poorly paid
Kids
Exploited by factory owners
Worked very long hours and only paid ⅓ of adult’s salary
One report → 412 British mills investigated, founf 50% of workers were under the age of 21
Apart from → low wages
Factory owners liked emplyign little children bc
Little fingers for working the intricate machines
Small enough to crawl under machines for cleaning
Easily bullied into doing as they are told
Conditions in mills mines and factories were terrible
Eg. No safety precautions
Children beaten by the brutal supervisors it they did not work hard enough