Topic: Making of the Modern World

1. The industrial revolution

2. People earned wealth through mainly agriculture -98% of people For 1000s of years

3. Modern times Stock market, investing, land Only 2% of Austrians are farmers

4. Why - an industrial revolution within agriculture occurred big time (aka technological revolution) Areas such as Asia; India, China, had large amounts of land as well as, therefore more farmland India had the and still has the second-largest population More countries - France, Russia, Ukraine (said to have the best farmland) The industrial revolution surprisingly began in Britain. - 1760s Surprising? - Britain is a small country with a small population Britain had large farms India, China etc had small farmlands easy to work in Wiser to have bigger farms considering how big the land is Essentially, there wasn’t the struggle Britain had With small population and large farms, they had to therefore partake in what became the industrial revolution Must find better resources in Agriculture to have a wealthy economy Britain near coast, not like other Countries like Russia in middle of continent Industrialisation → the use of machines to make goods Facts about Britain Industries appear in areas of high population Access to energies played a key role to in location of the industry Access to sea played a role to where industries were located Industries were located to their largest markets Iron industries appear to be located in proximity to coalfields as iron requires coal to function Distribution of coal field industries suggest railways were invented well after the Industrial Revolution due to their being limited resources Shipbuilding played an important role in the Industrial Revolution as it allows large amounts of goods shipped overseas and enables trade textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. Changes brought by the industrial revolution 8/01/23 Use of coal and steam power + new mass production techniques Made and sold worldwide Changed the way wealth was distributed around the world Changed how things were sold worlwide The way wealth was distributed around the world They way people lived Time line of important events beginning of industrial revolution

5. 1698 - Thomas Savery desigined the first steam engine to pump water out of coal mine

6. 1750s - industrial revolution, power to drive new materials began when in Europe started to use coal and steam

7. 1764 - spinning jenny - one of the new inventions for spinning yarn and making clothes → James Hargreaves

8. 1769 - Richard Arkwright established the first factory

9. 1785 - new invention, water-powered loom, pioneering mass production techniques that soon spread to other industries Until 1800s people used biomass fuels eg. wood, animal and human energy Steam power was developed and used in industry, coal and other fossil fuels used as chemical resource Began industrial revolution mainly began in England, soon spread globallyTradtionally, items were made by hand at home, or by local craftspeople Replaced by items made in larger quantities at a lower cost by machine in factories Towns and cities growing from people in factory Main source of being transported horses First passenger railway made possible by George Stephson’s locomotive design Carriage reflects and drawn by a horse One method of transportation to another Steam powered Cheaper, easier and faster to move goods around the country First used in 1500s in Germany Simple wooden rails that horse - drawn carts or wagons would move along Early wagon ways developed into tramways - iron rails on the roads, horses pullong wagon developments during the beginning of the industrial revolution began in the textile industry New communication technologiesTelegraph later telephone New customer goods also invented Changed way people worked and lived People in industrialised countries could buy more mass produced goods than before Cheaper → more goods lower value Machinery and equipment in factories improved over time → mass production also gradually developed Mass production Not possible before industrialisation + development of factory system Revolution in warfare New weapons eg. powerful warships, the machine gun and tanks Factory system → weapons could be produced in greater quantities Before industrial revolution Wealth and power was based on owning land End of 1800s Wealth based on owning capital Industrialised european countries expanded their trade + influence into other parts of the world Often by force , countires that had not industrialised could not compete as equals The world was soon divided between the wealthy industrial countries and the countries that had been colonised

9/02/23 The Rise of Parliamentary power in Britain 1648 → English King, Charles I defeated in civil war against his people led by Oliver corwell and other members of the English Parliament English monarchy abolished, and the country ruled the Parliament 1660 → the monarchy was reinstated with the king’s son invited to take the thrown (Charled II) New arrangement Monarchy share power with Parliament Control day-to-day running fo the country Write land and farmer answer here 1700s → land-owning aristocrats and buisnessmen made up the majority of the British Parliament Over 18th century → land-owning aristocracy patrician absolute monarchs who rule the same way medieval king did Britain land-owners and buisnessmen free to invest new ideas, overseas trainings and technology Major reason why the industrial revolution began in Britain and was successful 1850s, Britain world’s leading manufacturing nation Referred to as “the workship of the world.” 14/02/23 Britain and its empire 18th & 19th century → Great Britain gradually became largest empire known Achieved through Successful wars Exploration and colonisation of new lands in North America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region Global expansion driven by Rapidly growing population An era of scientific discovery and invention → resulted in the First Industrial Revolution Demands for new sources of raw materials, food and manufactured goods both Britain and throughout the world British merchants made fortunes Reinvested in new technology, factories and new forms of transportation Eg. railways British empires provided raw materials eg. cotton New markets for manufactured goods An abundant source of cheap labour Slave trade Britain + many other countries made huge profits from the slave trade until... Abolished by law Britain 1807

• cropped Simplified illustration of the ‘Triangular Trade’ showing how the lucrative slave trade operated → source A Demonstrates how manufactured goods were shipped from England to Africa Were used to payment for slaves Ships loaded with slaves who were transported to America and the West Indies Put to work → cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations Slaves exchanged Britain Raw materials exchange for slaves shipped back to Britain Transformed into finished products Exported overseas to Europe and the British Empire Resources and raw materials Raw materials - basic materials used to make another product Industrialisation - the development of industry on a large scale Furnace - an enclosed structure in which material can be heated to very high temperatures, e.g. for smelting metals.

Britain not only largest empire and navy + enormous quantities of natural resources Huge coal and iron ore deposits in Britain → both ESSENTIAL to industrialisation Coal → used as fuel for steam engines In turn drove the factory machines and fuelled furnaces that produced iron and steal Essential to industrialisation and manufacturing source B - during the 18th century, the Thames was one the busiest and most congested ports in the world. Ships arrived there loaded with goods from Britain’s colonies.

18/02/2023 NATURE & SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Key terms and their definitions Biomass Dead plant and animal material suitable for the use as fuel Capital The money or goods that can be used to create industries and income Mass productions The manufacture of large quantities of the same item Consumer goods Products that people buy to satisfy their needs and wants Fossil fuels Fuel, such as gas, coal and oil, that have been formed underground from plant and animal remains over millions of years Manufacturing The buisness of producing goods in large amounts Factory system The building or a set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines Loom A piece of equipment for wearing thread into cloth Revolution A very important chane in the way people do things Industrialisation The process of developing industries; the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods. Industrial revolution → marked the beginning of the technological revolution That continues to affect our lives New ideas of producing goods Began in the mid-eighteenth century Prior industrial revolution People produced needs in ways that had not changed in centuries By mid-nineteenth century Affected enormous changes in the way people worked and lived Changes began to spread in the world The Agricultural Revolution Nitrogen needed to grow soil Largely made out of hydrocarbons Nitrogen in soil depletes → plants don’t grow Beginning of agricultural revolution Plant which put nitrogen in soil →miracle plant Miracle plant die and nitrogen settle back in, more fertile the soil previously ITS A CLOVERRR No private individual owns crown-land Middle ages Land used by anyone → common land More common land = better 18 century England = no starve - things sir said 1750 and mid-1800s England underwent an agricultural revolution Historians believe that without this revolution, Britain would not be able to achieve industrialisation Ppl need to eat food, people weren’t living long lives agricultural revolution took place bc Britian’s population growing rapidly → more food needed to be produced When population booms happened in England and throughout the world People ceased fairly quickly - age 35ish i think This is due to agriculture could not produce enough food to feed the extra people however , 1750 → new ways farming allowed the population boom to continue In turn would provide surplus of cheap labour for industrialisation 18th century → gov encouraged enclosure land Opening farming on strips of common land → replaced with enclosed fields surrounded by hedges or stone walls Greatly improved efficiency of crop production Enclosure = farmers could experiment with new ideas + farming techniques New crops grown Clay and lime used as ferlisers Some farmers → specialised in animal breeding = heavier and healthier life stock Wide variety of new machinery Developed to improve efficiency of the cutting and threshing of grain Important because bread made from grain → stable diet of Brisih people

Paining of 19th century pig was painted unrealistically bc the farmer wants to show how rich farmer can produce a pig this fat, how productive his farm is Source c - 1600-1700 largest percentage of land was enclosed

• source D - nobles and whole country benefited Work in industry short term bad → harsh conditions, suffer Long term → good French people called → french frogs by britain bc they could only afford to eat frogs and snails French people call British ppl → Roast beef → rich enough to produce roast beef, poor people could even eat meat

19/02/2023 The development of steam-powered machines -- left of

Earth water table → dig → whater in the earth where potentially coal mine - sir said in class Early years of industrial revolution relied on traditional sources to provide power For aagriculutral use, machinery in factories and for transport Development of steam engine = steam rapidly replaced horse, win and water power Steam power → one of the most significant advances of the industrial revolution First steam powered engine → Thomas Savery (1698) The first steam engine to have an actual practical use was the ‘atmospheric engine’ → developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1706 Essentially wasn’t used until advanced Machine primarily used to pump surplus water out of underground mines, mainly coal mines Steam powered in coal mines Necomen engine → allowed underground coal mines to be sunk to greater depths than had previously been possible. Removing excess water had always been one of the barriers + amount and the quality of coal that could be extracted Coal mining was very important in the mid-1700s as → the coal mine industry had to expand rapidly to meet the demand of increase in demands for fuel and coal due to industrial revolution gathered pace James Watt’s steam engine Steam engine → developed in the late 1760s Produced and engine that had a separate compartment for cooling the steam back to water → after used to drive a piston (a moving disk enclosed in a cylinder which is made gas-tight by piston rings. The disk moves inside the cylinder as a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands and contracts. A piston aids in the transformation of heat energy into mechanical work and vice versa.) Piston powerd engine had a large fly Therefore could provide the same contentious power that had previously been possible using water wheel Steam engine sold by Watt and his partner Matthew Boulton Used to power different types of machinery Increase domination of steam Industrial revolution developed → steam engine to power larger machines → led to bigger factories that could be located for traditional power sources such as water 19th century → steam power also revolutionised transportation, both on land (railways) and on sea (shipping.) Oh can you just shut up theOh can you just shut up the industrial revolution people and wealth to mainly agriculture 24/02/2022 Britian’s Key Resources: Coal Iron Coals → large use of household fuel prior to industrial revolution Timber was MAIN source of energy before IR Demand for timber increased Due to → wide rang of uses, eg. fuelling, source and construction material → both housing and shipping During time, rapid population growth No plantation ---> timber was used at a faster rate → timber couldn’t be replaced Coal provide part solution → key role, fueling the machines Which drove IR Iron → essential to IR Provided strong building materials for railways, steam engines, bridges and buildings Two innovations in Iron production Made it possible → large quantities of high quality iron → supply to high demans in new created industries 1st innovation 1709 → ironmaster Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale in England Coke : a form of processed coal that burns much hotter than regular coal Discovered how to use coke as a fuel for the blast furnaces used in iron making Greatly reduced cost of iron production Due to this, Iron + coal → linked and ironwork began to appear in Britain wherever there were coalfields. 2nd innovation 1783-84 → Henry Cort known as ‘rolling and puddling’ produced stronger, more easily working iron wrought → known as wrought iron Process illuminated impurities in carbon → especially carbon → that reduced its strengths Achieved through stirring molten with iron bars While still in furnace Carbon was brought to surface where it could be burnt of

Iron cooled in semi molten state Rolled to remove any remaining impurities Wrought iron → very strong and fast to produce Originally → taken 4 hrs, now take 45mins Before development → effective methods of steelmaking and availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the common form of malleable iron This iron → far less brittle than it predessccors, great deal of strong Quickly bebame the buildling material choice of construction Bridge building blossomed Here and around the globe Many of the most unrecognisable structures built during period → wrought iron as their main construction materials → Sources C and B 1860s→ demand for wrought iron reached its peach Rapidly declines Mild steel became more widely available

19/02/2023 Developing transport networks : Roads Prior 18th century → roads → little more than dirt tracks, impossible to travel on in winter Responsibility of local landowners/farmers → little willingness to maintain long distance travellers Changed → industrial revolution Large numbers of people and goods needed to move around the country To and from industrial areas and the cities ‘Turnpike trusts’, created acts of Parliament → in order to raise funds needed to maintain the roads Turnpike → a road on which tollgates are established in order to collect tolls (payments) from those who use it Trusts → generally groups of investors and business owners, given authority to collect tolls from road users 1700s…series of toll roads built → Linking major towns and cities Roads quality Usually well drained often Surfaced with gravel and eventually bitumen Bitumen - a binding agent produced from petroleum.

New roads = people could travel around the country quickly, faster + more efficient mail service HOWEVER, large quantities of heavy goods and raw materials, still expensive + difficult to transport by road, using horse and cart

Developing transport networks: CanalsSeries of canals → built throughout Britain and Europe to link ports and rivers → industrial areas and cities Provided cheap, reliable way of transporting heavy goods and materials over long distances Developed quickly → abundance of rivers and proximity of large cities to the sea Built in north and centre of England Linking ports in → liverpool London Bristol Industrial Areas of → Birmingham, manchester and leeds Funding → rich businessmen → y? Needed to move their raw materials and finished products quickly and cheaply 1775 → First canal Linking coalfields of St Helens to the River Mersey and Liverpool 1830 → more than 50 canals in Britian over 40 000 people employed jobs related to canals Whole families lived on canal braves Transported coal, ione, ore, cotton and fragile good eg. pottery and glass ‘Canal Age’ → very short HOWEVER → slow and expensive to build 1840s canals → declined Mainly bc rapidly replaced by the railways Faster, cheaper form of transport

4/03/2023 Developing transport networks: Railways Transport revolution Revolusionised when iron tracks were used + new invention → steam powered locomotive 1802 → young Richard Trenvithic Patented - obtain a patent for (an invention)."an invention is not your own until it is patented" Patented a high-pressure steam engine Lighter + more efficient in comparison to previous SE designs So light → it could be mounted on a cart 1804 → RT realised potential when in 1804 his “locomotive” pulled five wagons, a coach and 70 passengers along 14 kilometres of his track in south wales Locomotive - a powered railway vehicle used for pulling trains. Historic event → lasted 2 hrs → marked the first ever train journey TWhen on to design other locomotives All financials failures :( Eg. including his novelty ‘catch-me-who-can’ ride → transported passengers on a circular track for a fee of one shilling Novelty - the quality of being new, original, or unusual. "the novelty of being a married woman wore off" Attracted interest of other engineers Modified and improved his ideas Engineer George Stepenson → constructed the 43 kilometer Stockton to Darlington railway → opened in 1825 This in turn led to merchants from Liverpool and Manchester Railway Plan for line.. Also to be designed and built by Stephenson and his son Robert ..that a double track line would be laid allowing for trains to travel broth ways simultaneously Brining raw materials to Manchester and returning completed goods to Liverpool’s port for export Canal and turnpike owners bitterly complained Despite being offered compensation Fearing the railway would pollute the crops terrify the livestock predicting that travelling at such speeds would blind and deafen passengers Not valid since none actually occurred 1829 A competetion held to find the best steam locomotive to work the line George S entered his own design The “rocket” Easily won with top speed of 46 km per hr 1830 Two way track opened Proved to all that the ‘Railway Age’ had begun 1840 3000 railway tracks in Britain 1870 25 00 tracks built by engineers eg, Isambard Kingdom Brunel Railways summ Changed lives of ordinary people in many ways Gained in speed and efficiency National sporting leagues began Daily postal service began Letters could reach other end of the country → few days rather than weeks Impact on society People able to travel between cities and regions to take holidays + visit relatives New “railway towns” Grew at important railway crossing points and railways brough jobs and prosperity to the regions they passed through Most importantly Railways were able to transport the resources needed for the Industrial revolution Became essential to trade and communications not only in Britian but throughout Europe and globally

2.9 The ‘workshop of the world’ Britain First country to experience industrialisation Led the world in factory production Led in mechanisation of transport and agriculture Exports of british techniques and inventions + domination of the world industrial population Led Britian’s becoming known as the ‘workshop of the world’ A world leader 1850 → became the most dominant industrial power in the world Produced more than 50% of the world’s textile products 80% of its coal 50% of its iron Other countries → turneed to British engineers to build their railways + import British machinery to set up their own factories British steam engine → biggest and most powerful and were exported to all parts of the world Industrialisation in Europe Napolenic Wars ended 1815 → Britain + the continent of Europe → once more free to exchange ideas and trade New industrial methods → pioneered in Britian → taken up in other countries France 1832 → first railways began Financed by French entrepreneurs and banks BUT Virtually all railways construction was carried out nder the supervision of British engineers 1850s → imported British locomotives were used until the 1850s, → french industry began to build their own 1800s → slowthing throughout 19th century, industrialization grew in France Agriculture remained the dominant economic activity

GermanyUnification - the process of being united or made into a whole. "the costs of German unification" 1871 → became unified country Prussia → industrialised occurred initially Most powerful of the independent German states Access to rich coal and iron ore deposits of the Rhineland Prussian quickly established a thriving iron + steel industry 1835 → first German railways were built in 1850 → half as many railways as Germany + twice as much as France 1871 → after unification → Expanded industrial production 1900s → by the beginning of the 20th century, producing more steel than Britain The United States in industrialised Cotton → #1 cash-crop in US Spread quickly in Nor amer 1783 → following independence front Britain Set about developing their own industries → by innovations of their own 1793 → Samuel Slater → technology for water-powered textiles production 1794 → Eli Witney - cotton gin + machines or separating seeds from raw cotton 1800s → early 19th century → American inventors eg. Robert Fulton → application of steam-powered boats were pioneered 1840s → Samuel Morse → developed the telegraph 1876 → Alexandra Graham Bell → first to patent workable telephone Both inventions revolutionised communication As in Europe + Americas → developed iron and steel industry 1800s → 19th century → pushed through network of railways The Great Exhibition 1851 → the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations Held in hyde park → London Intended as celebration of technology + design from all over the world Aim of demonstrating British Industrial Power Held in temporary steel and glass building → ‘Crystal Palace’ Designed to show off British innovation Quality and quantity of British innovation on show was a clear indication Britain was the ‘workshop of the world. ’ 5 /03/2023 Working ConditionsOver 19th century → proportion of Britain’s population worked in factories and mines increasingly enormous Cottage industry → goods made by hand in home 1841 - pop of engl 16 1901 - pop of engl 35 Increase absorbed by rapidly industrialising cities → worker toil → enriched factory owners Workers → high price for great wealth produced Many years No laws regarding levels of pay, working hours, safety, or the minimum age of workers Working people Laboured for long hours with low pay Very dangerous and unhealthy conditions Young children edured same condition as adults 1860s → 60 hour work customary for most Living conditions in rapdily industrialising ties Todays standards - squalid - disgusting Workers housing owned by factory owners Some workers paid rent out of small wages Vivid description of the conditions Excited in the growing industrial city of Manchester in northern England → provided in French Engle’s book → source CTrade unions Tried to improve their conditions via trade union Before industrial revolution - some skilled workers organisations had existed 1799 → organisations banned under Combination Acts Illegal for workers to join together to fight for better pay and conditions 1824 → Acts repealed Strikes → just don’t go to work Pickets → surround factory place so other workers can take job Workers used strikes and pickets to try win justice 1825 British Government outlawed tactics 1820s overall trade unionism grew rapidly despite resistance ESPECIALLY textile industry 1830sBTrade unionism reflected concern not only with immediate issue but fundamentally changing society Unionist worked in form of cooperative societies Running own business so eventually no need for capitalists who owned factory Trade Unions Aus not highly industrilaised country Inherited trade union traditions from Britian 1840s Aus union emerged 1860s - 1880s Unionism became stronger 1890s Hughes strikes Employers tried to destroy many of the gains won by Aus workers Strikes defeated but .. Aus continued to have one of the highest levels of trade union membership in the world 1850s Trade unions succeeded winning and eight - hr working day for some skilled tradesmen Other workers → including women and children Worked 10 or more hours a day for lower wages

Working Conditions & Child Labour

Working conditions Before industrial revolutions Workers produced goods on small scale → in homes or in small workshops Gave workers more independence as they could decide how they will work Factories became established and pop grew Ppl when ot cities to find work + faced terrible conditions in mines, mills and factories No laws governing employment safety Industrialist + factory owners exploited workers Poorly paid Worked long hrs Dangerour conditions often → in order to maximise profits (factory owners gain) No compensations for injury or death Workers could be sacked or laid off work without reasons No machines or safety guards No fire regulations → workers sick from dust and smoke Worker refused or complained to do work → plenty of other people who wanted to take their place “Maybe jobs not widely available?” “Needed more money” Workers who lost their jobs Whole family would suffere as there are no social benefits or housing for unemployed workers 1831 Public outrage as such poor working conditions and poverty in industrial towns Group of politicians formed Ten Hours MovementAim → to reduce working day to a maximum of 10 hours 1833 Gov set up series of committees to investigate situation of factories First Factory Act was passed Act banned children from under 9 being employed in textile industry and limited the hours young ppl could work for 1842 Mines Act passed Banning children and women from working underground 1847 Ten Hours Act Made it law that women and children under 18 were to work no more than 10 hrs Child Labour Before industrial revolutions Children worked alongside their parents in homes + fields + small family workshops Kids → learn skill from parents → who cared for them as they worked Children sent out to work bc of parents were very poorly paid Kids Exploited by factory owners Worked very long hours and only paid ⅓ of adult’s salary One report → 412 British mills investigated, founf 50% of workers were under the age of 21 Apart from → low wages Factory owners liked emplyign little children bc Little fingers for working the intricate machines Small enough to crawl under machines for cleaning Easily bullied into doing as they are told Conditions in mills mines and factories were terrible Eg. No safety precautions Children beaten by the brutal supervisors it they did not work hard enough