MC QUIZZES REAL

THEORIES

Which theory focuses on motor development through CNS maturation?

Hierarchical Theory

Systems Theory

Reflex Theory

Ecological Theory

According to the Motor Programming Theory, what are Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)?

Hardwired neural circuits for specific motor functions

Reflex loops for fast movements

Sensory-based movement controllers

Systems that adapt to environmental constraints

In Reflex Theory, how are complex movements explained?

By chaining reflexes together

By central pattern generators

By anticipatory mechanisms

By motor equivalence

What is the primary limitation of Reflex Theory?

Cannot explain fast or novel movements

Cannot explain voluntary movements

Does not consider the role of the nervous system

Focuses only on external forces

What does the Systems Theory emphasize in motor control?

Interaction of all systems to achieve task goals

Role of innate reflexes

Hierarchical control

Direct relationship between sensory input and motor output

What does the term "degrees of freedom" refer to in Systems Theory?

Elements of a system that can be altered or manipulated

Reflexive pathways

The flexibility of motor programming

all the plane of movement a a joint

Which theory supports the idea of "self-organization" in movement?

Dynamic Systems Theory

Reflex Theory

Motor Programming Theory

Hierarchical Theory

Which of the following is a principle of Hierarchical Theory?

Motor development occurs in steps driven by CNS maturation

Movements are driven by sensory input

Reflexes are the basis of all motor control

The nervous system acts independently of reflexes

According to Reflex Theory, what is required for motor output?

Sensory input

Central programming

Reflex chaining

Cortical control

Which of the following is a limitation of Ecological Theory?

Lack of focus on nervous system contributions

Overemphasis on reflexes

No consideration for environmental interaction

Inability to explain variability in movement

What is an assumption of Dynamic Systems Theory?

New movements emerge due to changes in control parameters

Movements are driven by sensory stimuli alone

Reflexes control all motor behaviors

Movement patterns are purely hierarchical

What is a clinical implication of Hierarchical Theory?

Inhibit abnormal movement patterns and facilitate normal ones

Focus on task-specific practice

Movement is achieved through reflex chaining

Incorporate external force analysis

NDT

In therapeutic handling, where should a therapist typically begin when facilitating movement?

Distal points of control

Proximal points of control

Only at the hands and feet

Randomly selected body regions

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of NDT?

Ongoing evaluation and adaptation are critical

Sensory feedback is necessary to perfect movement

Movements should always be strictly sequenced through developmental positions

Patients must be actively involved in treatment

Which of the following is a component of sitting balance intervention in NDT?

Strict use of orthotics

Achieving midline and neutral pelvis

Prohibiting sensory feedback

Avoiding weight shifts

Who were the original developers of NDT?

Fell and Lunnen

Berta and Karl Bobath

Shumway-Cook and Woollacott

Rood and Brunnstrom

What is the primary goal of Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)?

Increasing endurance

Enhancing neuroplasticity and functional independence

Muscle strengthening

Reducing pain

What is a fundamental principle of NDT?

Handling and facilitation to optimize movement patterns

Strengthening isolated muscle groups

Impairment-focused interventions without task integration

Standardized interventions applied equally to all patients

How do NDT practitioners assess movement?

By measuring muscle strength alone

By using a standardized set of exercises

By evaluating postural control and coordination impairments

By focusing only on spasticity reduction

A 55-year-old patient with a recent stroke presents with right-sided weakness and difficulty maintaining midline sitting balance. The therapist begins by facilitating proper pelvic alignment using proximal manual cues.

What is the most appropriate next step in the intervention?

Move directly to standing activities

Encourage the patient to maintain balance with isometric control

Apply only verbal cues and avoid manual facilitation

Use compensatory strategies to bypass midline control

A patient with traumatic brain injury struggles with weight shifting during gait training. The therapist modifies the task by adjusting the environment and providing sensory feedback through touch and verbal cues.

Question:

Which NDT principle is being applied in this scenario?

Patients should be restricted from making postural adjustments

Motor learning is best achieved through passive movement

Sensory feedback is critical for movement refinement

Movements should be isolated from functional tasks

MOTOR CONSTRAINTS

A lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion is characterized by:

Flaccid weakness

Spasticity

Increased deep tendon reflexes

Clonus

Which of the following is a symptom unique to an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

Fasciculations

Flaccid weakness

Muscle atrophy

Hyperreflexia

Which of the following best describes paresis?

Complete loss of voluntary movement

A motor unit disorder affecting coordination

Excessive muscle activation

Partial loss of voluntary movement

Which motor control system is primarily responsible for maintaining appropriate muscle tone?

Peripheral nervous system

Pyramidal system

Extrapyramidal system

Somatosensory system

The Modified Ashworth Scale is used to assess:

Spasticity

Muscle strength

Coordination

Gait

The Brunnstrom approach is primarily used to assess and treat:

Spinal cord injuries

Muscular dystrophy

Peripheral nerve damage

Correct!

Motor impairments following stroke

A hallmark of spasticity is:

Uniform resistance to movement

Random muscle twitching

Velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone

Decreased tendon reflexes

Which structure plays a major role in regulating muscle tone via the gamma motor neurons?

1. Primary motor cortex

2. Cerebellum

3. Spinal cord

4. Medulla oblongata

5. Basal ganglia

2 and 3

2 and 5

3 and 4

1 and 2

The term "dysmetria" refers to:

The inability to grade forces appropriately for a task

Involuntary writhing movements

Excessive muscle tone

The inability to initiate movement

VESTIBULAR

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

Transmit auditory signals

Detect vertical and horizontal linear movement

Detect angular acceleration of the head

Control eye movements

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) functions to:

Maintain gaze stability during head movement

Control limb movement in response to balance changes

Facilitate sound localization

Adjust inner ear pressure

What is the function of the vestibulo-spinal reflex?

processing visual information

controlling fine motor skills

activates muscle to keep the body from falling

Coordinating voluntary hand movements

Cranial nerve 3, oculomotor nerve, is responsible for which of the following functions  

1. upward eye movements    

2. downward eye movements                    

3. lateral eye movements      

4. medial eye movements

5. detect light 

6. constricts the pupil 

1,2,3,6

1,2,3,4

1,2,4,6

3,4,5,6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the vestibular system?

Postural stability during stance and walking

Auditory perception

Gaze stability

Coordination of motor responses

What is the function of the utricle and saccule?

Process sound waves

Regulate heart rate

Detect linear acceleration and gravity

Control neck muscles

What are the two main parts of the vestibular system?

Anterior and posterior

Cerebral and spinal

Somatosensory and auditory

Peripheral and central

The vestibular system is sensitive to what information?

Blood pressure and muscle contraction

Light and touch

Temperature and sound

Position of the head in space and sudden changes in head movement

WENDY’S VESTIBULAR

In the Head Impulse Test, a positive finding suggests dysfunction in which structure?

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

Cerebellum

Trigeminal nerve

Optic nerve

What is the primary goal of vestibular rehabilitation?

Preventing BPPV recurrence

Strengthening neck muscles

Enhancing gaze stabilization and balance

Reducing inner ear fluid buildup

A 40-year-old male reports persistent dizziness and imbalance for the past two weeks following a viral illness. He describes difficulty focusing on objects while moving his head and experiences dizziness when turning quickly. You perform the Head Impulse Test, which reveals a corrective saccade when turning the head to the right. His Dix-Hallpike test is negative, and he does not exhibit spontaneous nystagmus at rest.

Question:
What is the most likely vestibular dysfunction, and what rehabilitation exercise is most appropriate?

Horizontal canal BPPV; Epley maneuver

Bilateral vestibular loss; Brandt-Daroff exercises

Vestibular neuritis; VOR ×1 exercises

Central vestibular disorder; MRI and neurology referral

What type of nystagmus is associated with anterior canal BPPV?

Horizontal agetropic

Upbeating

Horizontal geotropic

Downbeating

Which structure is assessed during proprioception testing in vestibular rehabilitation?

Semicircular canals

Cochlea

Middle ear

Somatosensory system

The HINTS exam is primarily used to differentiate between:

Age-related balance decline and vestibular neuritis

Migraine-associated vertigo and Meniere’s disease

Central and peripheral vestibular dysfunction

Cervicogenic dizziness and BPPV

What is the recommended frequency for VOR ×1 exercises in vestibular rehabilitation?

5x/week for 10 minutes

Only as needed when dizziness occurs

1x/day for 5 minutes

3x/day for 1-2 minute intervals