Organic Molecules: Molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms.
Four Types:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Composition:
Carbohydrates: C, H, O
Proteins: C, H, O, N, sometimes S
Lipids: C, H, O
Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P
Key Characteristics:
Four valence electrons allow for four bonds.
Can form chains, branches, and rings.
Capable of unique 3-D shapes.
Forms strong and stable bonds.
Can create single, double, or triple bonds.
Compounds do not readily dissociate in water.
No size limit for molecules.
Bonds with a variety of elements and functional groups.
Unique to carbon.
Definition: Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
Definition: Specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton that influence molecular shape and reactivity.
Functions:
Provide unique shapes to molecules.
Determine behavior in chemical reactions.
Hydroxyl (-OH): Found in sugars; makes molecules polar.
Carbonyl (-C=O): Found in sugars; makes molecules polar.
Carboxyl (-COOH): Found in proteins and lipids; has acidic properties.
Amino (-NH2 or -NH3+): Found in all amino acids.
Sulfhydryl (-SH): Found in cysteine; forms disulfide bridges in proteins.
Phosphate (-PO4): Found in phospholipids, DNA, RNA, and ATP.
Carbohydrates: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycerol: 3-carbon compound with hydroxyl groups.
Fatty Acids: Long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group.
Proteins: Amino acids.
Amino Acids: 20 types, each with a unique "R" group.
Nitrogenous Bases: Ring structures with alternating carbon and nitrogen.
Types: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
Purines: Adenine and Guanine (2 rings).
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (1 ring).
Macromolecules: Giant molecules formed from smaller units.
Polymers: Long molecules made of repeating subunits (monomers).
Monomers of Carbohydrates: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
Monomers of Proteins: Amino acids.
Dehydration Reaction: Joins two monomers by removing water.
Hydrolysis Reaction: Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.
Examples: Sugars, starches, celluloses.
Classification: By number of sugar monomers.
Monosaccharides: One sugar molecule.
Disaccharides: Two sugar molecules.
Polysaccharides: Many sugar molecules.
Functions: Energy source (e.g., glucose) and raw materials for other molecules.
Glycosidic Linkage: Covalent bond between monosaccharides.
Types: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol.
Characteristics: Nonpolar, insoluble in water.
Phospholipids: Composed of glycerol and two fatty acid tails.
Membrane Structure: Bilayer arrangement with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Wax: Used for waterproofing.
Functions: Enzymes, hormones, transport, muscle contraction, antibodies, structural components.
Peptide Bond: Links amino acids via dehydration.
Polypeptide: Chain of amino acids, not yet a functional protein.
Protein Structure Levels:
Primary: Unique amino acid sequence.
Secondary: Initial folding due to hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary: Irregular folding due to side chain interactions.
Quaternary: Combination of multiple polypeptides.
Denaturation: Loss of 3-D shape, rendering the protein inactive.
Types: DNA and RNA.
Composition: Made of nucleotides.
Components of Nucleotide