Apollo 11 Stones
Venus of Willendorf
Lascaux Caves
Bison with Turned Head
Camelid Sacrum
Running Horned Woman
Beaker with Ibex Motifs Antropomorphic Stele Arabian peninsula near trade routes Grave marker for funerary purposes Neolithic societies settled down more
Jade Cong
Stonehenge Wiltshire, UK Post and lintel construction Center for ceremonies concerning burials Potential observatory for astronomy purposes Sandstone pillars
Ambum Stone
Tlatilco Female Figure
Terracotta Fragments |
The Pacific |
Nan Madol Ancient capital city of Saudeleur Dynasty Build on the water with thick seawalls Canal system flushed in clean water regularly Protection from large waves, faster transportation
Moai on Platform Easter Island Volcanic tuff and basalt 900 statues representing chieftans/leaders defied after death. Sacred and power/authority They protect the island and we well known among other surrounding island people Polynesians practiced ancestral worship
Ahu Ula Hawaii Fibers and feathers stitched together Cloak worn by the male nobility to assert their power ad guide/protect them Red represented royal status
Staff God Wood with tapa cloth wrapped around it Column-like staffs placed in a common area of a village Gender roles: Males cut the wood, females made the cloth The soul or “mana” is inside
Female Deity
Buk Mask Torres Strait Turtle shell, wood, fiber, and feathers Used during ceremonies where the wearer would act out a heroic scene from their ancestor’s history
Hiapo Niue Artist dyes exposed parts of the cloth with paint using stencils Commermorates events, honors chiefs, notes ancestors Symbol of status and rank, worn as clothing before European influence
Tamati Waka Nene Oil on canvas Painted by Gottfried Lindauer Taken out in a European style through materials, symbols of rank, sky in the background, subject turned slightly sideways Tattooing is a Polynesian artistic style, gain tattoos with expereince to get rank
Navigation Chart Marshall Islands Thin wood sticks strung together with fiber Used to improve retention/memory of geography Diagonal lines indicate currents, intersections were specific locations
Malangan Mask and Carvings Papua New Guinea Carved wooden mask containing pigments Funerary purposes, festival carvings were left out after ceremonies end to rot Honor the deceased Dancers wore them during ceremonies The masks, however, were intricate and portraits of the soul of the deceased person. They were kept by the family
Presentation of Fijian Mats and Tapa Cloths to Queen Elizabeth II Multimedia performance in Fiji Enormous tapa cloth was crafted for her visit She is given the amount of tapa that their own chiefs would get Blending of European authority with Fijian status symbols
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Ancient Near East |
White Temple and its Ziggurat
Votive Figures from the Temple of Eshnunna Tell Asmar Replaced the human who couldn’t be there in prayer Tried to trick the gods into thinking they were devoted Wide open eyes show wakefulness
Great Ziggurat at Ur
Standard of Ur Sumer Wood, shell, lapis lazuli make up a potential sound box Use of registers to depict the narrative War side contains hierarchy of scale, chariots running over the dead, king inspecting captives Peace side has food for a banquet with musicians (trade/commerce)
Victory Stele of Naram Sin
Stele of Hammurabi Basalt Hammurabi conquered all of Mesopotamia Babylon was the capital 250+ law codes were written Hierarchy of scale since the shamash is giving Hammurabi power and the right to rule
Lamassu
Persepolis Massive complex of multiple palaces used for receptions, celebrations, festivals Giant gates appropriates from the Assyrian lamassu Contains an audience hall with columns and a reception hall Constructed to make the subject feel inferior to Xerxes
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Ancient Egypt |
Palette of King Narmer Old Kingdom (inacessible king, basic absolute gov) Soapstone Depicts unification of upper and lower Egypt by Narmer (two lionesses), bull knocks over the city wall Registers, hierarchy of scale Used to prepare Narmer’s eye makeup, commemorative/narrative
Stepped Pryamid of Djoster Djoser was the patrion, Imhotep was the architect Egyptians believed in mummiification and made large tombs for the ka to rest (funerary) Showed their power Person buried UNDER
Seated Scribe The higher the status, the more idealized Painted limestone Scribe has a sagging chest and bulging belly (servant) Created for a tomb at Saqqara Placed with dead bodies to carry their skills with them
Great Pyramids and Great Sphinx
Menkaura and His Queen
Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut Luxor Colonnade - columns hold up a terrace Coordinated with the natural setting (cliffside) Achievements of a woman are celebrated in such a monument
Queen Hatshepsut with Offering Jars
Akhenaton from the Temple of Aton Armana period (revolution in art/culture/society) Pharaoh Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton - he claimed to be the sole prophet Religion changes to worship one god - Aton (sun disk) Breaks Egytpian art standards with androgynous body parts
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters
Innermost Coffin of King Tutankhamun
Temple of Ramses II
Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer Painted papyrus scroll Found in Book of the Dead, filled with spells/charms He will have his soul weigfhed against a feather Narrative
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Ancient Greeece |
Athenian Agora Athens Classical Plaza and city center, setting for Panathenaic Festivals Use of stoas - covered walkways with columns
Anavysos Kouros
Peplos Kore
Niobides Krater Orvieto, Italy Clay Depicts the Greek myth of the killing of Niobi’s children Narrative in function and is a punch bowl Figures changed to orange figures in black backdrops in the classical period
Doryphoros Polykleitos Marble but originally bronze Pompeii Contrapposto pose is more natural Idealized athletic man with broad shoulders and muscles Influenced by Pythagoras’ formula
Parthenon (Acropolis) Sculpted by Phidias Citizens of Athens commissioned it under Pericles’ leadership Delian League - Pericles used funds for defense purposes Doric order Floor curved upward to divert rain Cela housed gold statue of Athena
Helios, Horses, and Dionysus (Acropolis) Marble East pediment of the Parthenon Depicts birth of athena, contrapposto poses, more natural
Plaque of the Ergastines
Temple of Athena Nike and Nike Adjusting Her Sandal (Acropolis)
Grave Stele of Hegeso Kallimachos Funerary, found in a cemetery Commemorate Hegeso and her father Woman is examining jewelry Domestic setting reflects the limited role of women
Winged Victory of Samothrace Hellenistic period (Greek culture spread, more emotion/movement/age) Wet drapery, found in a fountain, meant to be the front of a boat
Great Altar of Zeus
Seated Boxer Bronze Rome Depicts an aged boxed looking up at his opponent in defeat Blood runs in copper Meant to engage the viewer emotionally, feelings of agony and defeat
Alexander Mosaic Naples, Italy Philoxenos of Eretria did the original Roman copy Complex interweaving of figures Battle between Alexander the Great and Darius of Persia
The Treasury
The Great Temple End of the silk road, trade routes Aretus IV was the patron Well developed metropolis Dead were buried in the rock cut tombs (Egypt)
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Ancient Etruscans and Rome |
Sarcophagus of the Spouses Cerveteri, Italy Terracotta Married coupole whose ashes are placed inside Unrealistic body composition, Archaic smile from Greece Reflects higher standing women in Etruscan society
Temple of Minerva Veii, Italy Wood Vitruvious recorded the architecture in his writings Three cela for three gods Influence from Greek temples (columns, pediments) Apollo was sculpted and placed on the roof
Tomb of the Triclinium Tufa (mud brick) and fresco Triclinium - dining table celebration of the dead Etruscan funeral sites were festive and seen as the last time to enjoy a meal with the deceased
House of the Vettii Pompeii, Italy Stone and fesco painting on the interior Reception area the the entrance with an atrium (sky light) Peristyle garden created by the stoas Fourth Pompeian style - Painted stone, large scenes, columns/tracery
Head of a Roman Patrician Republic period Veristic - Extremely realistic portrait Depicts a patrician (higher class, senator) Wrinkles show age, indicating experience Governing authority
Augustus of Primaporta Roman empire period Marble copy, appropriation from Polykleitos Augustus is portrayed as youthful Outstreched arm indicates authority speakiong to troops Cupid riding a dolphin at the base of his leg symbolizes his right to rule Breastplate is covered in propagandic messages to unite the empire after civil war
Colosseum Flavian emperors were the patrons Seated thousands of spectators for entertainment purposes Vast barrel and groin vaults throughout Improved post and lintels with rounded arches
The Forum Patron: Emperor Trajan Large central plaza surrounded by stoa-like buildings Romans had an economy of early capitalism, forums were centers for business and government Contained Basilica Ulpia
Column of Trajan
Forum Markets
Pantheon Rome Built by Emperor Hadrian
Concrete, granite, pumice (volanic rock) Large oculus at the top of the dome Temple dedicated to every god of people they conquered
Ludovisbi Battle Sarcophagus Horror vacui with figures stacked on top of each other Roman army seen defeating the bearden barbarians Youth with no weapons to seem invincible Pax Romana (golden age) has ended and they are weakening
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Early Christian and Byzantine |
Catacomb of the Pricilla Rome Fresco paintings of biblical scenes Christians practiced in catacombs (underground tombs) secretly before Christianity was legal Orants Figure has outstreched hands Good Shepherd fresces depict Christ as a good leader
Santa Sabina Rome Basilica model, axial plan, contains an apse Repuposed the Roman basilica to be religious Roman arches on the interior After Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity, he moved Rome’s capital to Istanbul
Vienna Manuscript
San Vitale
Justinian and Theodora Panels Mosaics positioned over the altar in San Vitale Flat, frontal, and floating = Byzantine Three forms of power - Emperor, warriors, clergy The nimbus on Justinian indicates saintliness, being the head of the church and state Theodora’s panel mirrors his with her and her ladies of court
Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Justinian and Theodora were the patrons Nika Riot against Justinian brought the church down in flames, Isodorus and Anthemius rebuilt it Combinaton of centrally and axial planned church Use of pendentives for support
Theotokos and Child between Saints |
Early Medieval through Gothic |
Merovingian Looped Fibulae |
Lindisfarne Gospels England Illuminated manuscript with ink and pigments on vellum Written/decorated by Eadfrith (Bishop of Lindisfarne) Saint Luke incipit page - Opening words of his gospel Matthew cross carpet page - Cross, horror vaui Saint Luke portrait page - Him writing on a scroll
Church of St. Foy Conques, France Romanesque Roman arches, dark with few windows, barrel vaults Built to handle large numbers of pilgrims Apse has ambulatory added to it with radiating chapels to hold relics
Last Judgment Largest Romanesque tympanum Horror vacui, reminds enterers to stay faithful Depicts Christ in the center as a judge, one hand welcomes and the other hand banishes Registers separate pediments of heaven/hell
Reliquary of St. Foy Wood sculpture covered in gold and gemstones Jewels added over time from wealthy donors Holds relics of St. Foy’s body
Bayeux Tapestry Canterbury, England Embroidery on linen Patron - Odo (Bishop of Bayeux) Narrative depicting William (Duke of Normandy) conquering England Narrative in function, similar to Column of Trajan
Pisa Cathedral Complex Built by Buscheto Italian Romanesque - Churches are larger and more decorated Pisa was the wealthiest area in Europe in the 1000s Appropriated form the Hagia Sophia (dome) Separate baptistry and campanile (bell tower)
Chartres Cathedral Gothic style developed by Abbot Suger Appropriates form St. Denis (place where Romanesque transitioned to Gothic) Walls supported by flying buttresses
Chartres Royal Portal Right portal tympanum - Baby Christ in the the virgin’s lap Left portal tympanum - Christ’s ascension into heaven Center portral - Second coming of Christ, he is a judge Serene/benevolent nature of the jamb statues
Notre Dame Stained Glass Window Thinner walls with buttressing allowed for stained glass Young mary with Christ on her lap Light was considered divine
Dedication Page with Blance of Castile and Louis IX of France Gold leaf on vellum parchment Moralized bible with expensively decorated art to explain scripture - for the French royalty Blance of Castile on the top left, Louis IX on the top right Bottom depicts older monk dictating a younger monk
Scenes from the Apocalypse Contains biblical texts with commentary on the other side Book of Revelations stories Shows temptation of the clergy to engage in sin Elements of antisemitism
Rottgen Pieta Germany Painted wood sculpture Pieta - Mary with deceased Jesus Used for private devotion Conveys emotions of sadness and horror in light of Christ’s crucifixion (humanizing)
Golden Hagadah Barcelona, Spain Haggadah means narration Tells the story of passover in a very Gothic medium/style Similar in style to French gothic manuscripts Read right to left because it was Hebrew During this time, Spain had a large/diverse Jewish community
Arena Chapel and the Lamentation Padua, Italy Late Gothic/Early Reniassance Patron: Enrico Scrovegni, a banker To repair his sins, he built the chapel with many blibcal images Giotto painted the interior with fresco in a more realistic way (away from Byzantine’s style) Lamentation depicts Jesus’ followers mourning after his death (emotion, perspective)
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Renaissance |
Annunciation Triptych Flanders Nothern Renaissance Artist - Robert Campin Oil on wood with many details Center depicts the annunciation that Mary is pregnant Perspective isn’t perfected but it’s developed Meant for personal devotion
Gates of Paradise Florence Baptistry Gilt bronze relief Artist: Ghiberti after he won the contest to display Isaac’s sacrifice Three-dimensional sculptures of Old Testament biblical scenes Appropriation from Greco-Roman art, developing humanism
Il Duomo Part of Florence Cathedral Medici family commissioned it Built by Brunellesci who studied Roman architecture Took techniques from Hagia Sophia but made it sturdier with a taller/pointed dome
Pazzi Chapel Brunelleschii Masonry Meetinghouse for the church’s monks Use of barrel vaults and domes (departure from Gothic) Appropriation from the Pantheon and the vaulting used during the Roman Empire
The Arnolfini Portrait Bruges, Belgium Jan van Eyck, Northern Renaissance Oil on wood (makes detail possible) Commemorates the wedding of an Italina banker Continuation of medieval symbolism - burning candle for the wedding, fruit for fertility, dog for loyalty
David Donatello Bronze, lost-wax technique Florence identified with David, an underdog that rose to the top After the victory over Goliath, his head is at his feet Nudity and contrapposto show classical Greek influence
Rucellai Palace
Madonna and Child Tempera on wood Filippo Lippi Mary is young/beautiful with Jesus, shows humanization of a sacred theme Backdrop nature is Jerusalem
Birth of Venus Botticelli (master for facial beauty) Tempera on CANVAS Depicts the birth of Venus with great classicism Venus is modeled after a Roman sculpture Comvines physical, divine, and erotic beauty
The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci Milan, Italy (Sforza family of Milan were the patrons) Tempera and oil on dry fresco Located in a dining hall where monks would eat Depicts the moment Christ announces someone betrayed him Several emotions of different people
David Michelangelo’s verison, made of marble Patrons were the Medici and the government of Florence Depicts David BEFORE his battle Contrapposto appropriation from Polykleitos’ Canon Tense muscular body prepared for battle
Sistine Chapel (Ceiling)
Sistine Chapel (Sybil)
Sistine Chapel (Altar Wall) Appropriation from St. Foy’s last judgement piece Bottom left has dead rising, bottom right has the gate to hell Christ is at the center administering justice (good rise, evil fall) Adoption of early mannerism
School of Athens Raphael, commissioned by Pope Julius Fresco Completely secular, depicts ancient philosophers conversing at a school In papal apartments
Entombment of Christ
Il Gesu Facade
Venus of Urbino
Adam and Eve Albrecht Durer Engraving Germany, Northern Renaissance Depicts Northern European devotion to detail with Classicism and Christianity Contrapposo poses Use of humorism with the animals
Isenheim Altarpiece Germany, Northern Renaissance Painted by Matthia Grunewald Oil on a wood panel Ergotism - Disease caused by a fungus that grew on flour St. Anthony is the patron of the piece Displayed in a hospital that treated ergotism First vieww - Agonizing decay of Christ’s body Second view - Mary, then Christ rising from the dead (idea of temporary pain) Third view - Demons tempting St. Anthony and a man suffering from ergotism
Allegory of Law and Grace Germany, Northern Renaissance Lucas Cranach the Elder Protestantism Woodcut Shows religious change - Protestant belief in justification by faith Left side - Judgement of Moses with 10 commandments (old law, not enough to live a good life) Right side - Figure bathed in Christ’s blood
Return of the Hungers Northern Renaissance Pieter Bruegel, he believed the best Christians were the common people Oil on wood Figures are archetypes for peasants Depicts the joy in everyday life, family
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Knowt
Note
Studied by 4 people
