The Human Body

1. Objectives

1. Practice anatomical terminology

2. Identify anatomical regions of the body

3. Understand anatomical systems

4. Identify key anatomical features in each system

2. Anatomical Position & Planes

• Anatomical Position:

  • Standing, face forward, arms at side, palms forward, toes forward.

Anatomical Planes

3. Spatial Relationships (Directional Terms)

4. Anatomical Study Approaches

1. Anatomical Regions

   • Head & Neck

   • Thorax

   • Abdomen

   • Pelvis & Perineum (genital region)

   • Back

   • Upper Limb

   • Lower Limb

2. Anatomical Systems

   • Integumentary

   • Gastrointestinal

   • Respiratory

   • Urinary

   • Reproductive

   • Endocrine

   • Circulatory

   • Nervous

   • Musculoskeletal

5. Integumentary System (Skin, Hair, Nails)

• Functions:

  • Protection against microorganisms.

  • Regulates body temperature.

  • Sensory reception.

  • Produces Vitamin D.

  • Absorbs/secretes substances.

📌 Fun Fact: Your face has Demodex mites living in your pores!

6. Gastrointestinal System (Digestive System)

Embryology

• The digestive system starts as a simple gut tube and develops into specialized structures.

7. Respiratory System (Breathing)

Embryology

• The lungs developed as an offshoot of the digestive tract.

• Important in the water-to-land transition in vertebrates.

8. Urinary System (Excretion)

9. Reproductive System

Embryology

• Males & females start as identical structures until 6 weeks of development.

• Male & female structures develop from the same embryonic tissues.

10. Circulatory System

📌 Hint: Arteries "Away" from the heart.

11. Nervous System (Command Center)

Brain Regions

12. Musculoskeletal System

• Muscle Types:

  • Skeletal (striated) – Movement.

  • Smooth (organs) – Involuntary functions.

  • Cardiac (heart) – Heart contractions.

• Functions of Skeleton:

  • Provides structure & protection.

  • Stores calcium & minerals.

13. The Human Skeleton

Bones of the Skull

• Cranium = Skull (excluding jaw).

• Mandible = Lower jaw.

Vertebral Column

Dentition

• Humans have 2 sets of teeth:

  • Deciduous (baby teeth)

  • Permanent teeth

• Dental Formula: 2-1-2-3 (Incisors-Canines-Premolars-Molars).

14. Sex & Age Estimation in Skeletons

📌 Important: You cannot sex juvenile skeletons!

15. Bone as a Living Tissue

• Bone adapts to stress.

• Astronauts lose 1–2% of bone mass per month in space.

16. Summary

• Anatomy uses standard terminology & planes.

• The body is divided into regions & systems.

• Bones provide structure, movement, & mineral storage.

• Nerves & hormones regulate bodily functions.