Test 3 Nuts and Bolts

Jay’s Treaty: Negotiated by John Jay, complex and seen as too weak by Republicans and even some Federalists; did avert war with UK, established US sovereignty over NW and created a relatively satisfactory commercial relationship; paved way for Pickney’s treaty

Judiciary Act 1789: Created system of inferior courts (Constitution had only specifically created the Supreme Court); granted Supreme Court final authority on constitutionality of state laws; clause that allowed Supreme Court to issue writs of mandamus for original jurisdiction cases under the Act would be the basis of Marbury v Madison

Hamilton’s financial program: Creation of national bank, assumption of state debts from the Revolutionary War, Report on Manufacturers, permanent national debt, tax on imports and whiskey 

Proclamation of 1793: Issued by George Washington, declared the US neutral in the ongoing conflict between France and UK; threatened legal action against anyone aiding either side 

Pinckney Treaty: Opened Miss. River to American ships, fixed border between Spanish Florida and US, required Spain to prevent native raids 

Federalists: 

Democratic-Republicans: 

Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Acts: Passed under Adams to combat Republican opposition → New restrictions for foreigners to become citizens: allowed for the prosecution of “libel” (led to the arrest of 10 Republican editors)

Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers in Western PA refused to pay the new tax on whiskey and terrorized tax collectors, President Washington personally led 15,000 troops to put down the rebellion (a stark departure from Shays’ Rebellion) 

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, invoked John Locke in arguing for nullification of the acts; debate rose to the level of national crisis 

XYZ Affair: US sent bipartisan commission to stabilize relations with France during quasi-war, French foreign minister demanded bribes and loans before negotiations could begin, branded XYZ Affair as the names of the French agents involved were redacted in the Congressional report on the issue 

Midnight judges: Flurry of judicial appointments made by Madison during his lame duck period under the Judiciary Act of 1801, last effort to preserve Federalist powers 

Essex Junto: Radical Federalists in MA that felt NE should secede from the Union, were not supported by Hamilton or NY/NJ during the Burr Conspiracy  

Barbary Pirates: Based in Northern Africa and Med. Sea, demanded tribute for US ships to pass through; Jefferson refused to pay and built up navy before reaching agreement to pay $60,000 ransom but end tribute payments in 1805 

Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon looked to sell all of Louisiana to fund wars in Europe; doubled size of the US, Constitutional question for Jefferson

Orders in Council: British response to the Continental System, ordered full blockade of France and required all ships to stop in England to be searched for weapons, those that did not stop were liable to seizure 

Continental System: French Blockade of UK that forbade French, allied, and neutral ships to trade with the UK (Berlin Decree), later strengthened under the Milan Decree 

Berlin and Milan Decrees: Established and then strengthened the Continental System → Berlin Decree enacted blockade on UK, Milan Decree permitted capture of ships sailing from any port in UK and considered those that submitted to UK searches as hostile 

Leopold vs. Chesapeake: UK opens fire on US warship after it refused to be stopped and boarded; Jefferson and Madison work to maintain peace; UK disavowed the actions of the officer responsible and recalled him, offered compensation for those killed/wounded and returned 3 captured sailors, but refused to renounce impressment 

Impressment: UK policy of stopping US ships to search for and reimpress “deserters;” distinction never truly made and many US sailors were captured and pressed into the Royal Navy 

Embargo Act 1807: Passed in response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in an effort to avoid future incidents, prohibited US ships from engaging in any foreign trade, effective but led to economic depression 

Non-Intercourse Act 1809: Replaced the Embargo Act, reopened trade with all nations but the UK and France 

Macon Bill No. 2: Non-Intercourse Act was allowed to expire in 1810, Macon Bill No. 2 conditionally reopened trade with both nations → France announced it would end interference with U.S shipping; Madison announced an embargo would go into effect on the UK if it did not renounce its restrictions by 1811; Britain compiled but too late to avoid war (France’s claims to comply ended up being false)

Citizen Genet: landed in Charleston instead of Philadelphia, engaged with civilians in support of French war effort in direct violation of the Neutrality Act, inspired the anger of Federalists, and greatly embarrassed the French-revolution supporting Republicans

Albert Gallatin: Represented PA in House and Senate, longest serving Sec. of the Treasury (1801-1814 → proposed use of funds from the sale of lands in OH for the National Road), Minister to France and UK (also on the commission that crafted the treaty of Ghent to end the war of 1812)

Noah Webster: Conn. schoolmaster and lawyer who argued that students should be educated as patriots (published American spelling book [honor → honor]) in 1783 (blue-back speller) and School Dictionary in 1806 → An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)

Benjamin Rush: Opposed Washington (member of the Conway Cabal) but ardent support of the Revolution, signed the Declaration of Independence, advised Thomas Paine, practiced primitive medicine, one of the founders of American psychiatry

Second Great Awakening: Attempt to fight religious rationalism - Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason; begun by Presbyterians (Cane Ridge KY, 1801), attracted women and African Americans drawn by a sense of egalitarianism → Gabriel Prosser’s doomed slave rebellion 

Eli Whitney: Mass. Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) which revolutionized the economy the the South, explosion of slavery (also made machine that produced each part of the cotton gin to dramatically speed up production) 

Robert Fulton: Inventor of the steamboat (Clermont) partnered with Robert Livingston to open a steamboat line between NY and NJ on the Hudson that would become the center of Gibbons v Ogden

Cultural Nationalism: Early 1800s, cultural separation develops between US and Europe under Jefferson, cultural life reflected the Republican vision for America 

Jefferson’s Administration: 1801-1809; Strict Constructionist, reduced size of government and national debt, shrank military, kept national bank, Louisiana Purchase, faced challenges from Barbary Pirates, UK/France relations 

Aaron Burr: Vice President under Jefferson (1801-1805), runs for governor of NY in 1804, accused of working with Esssex Junto by Hamilton and loses election, kills Hamilton in NJ duel and flees west (Burr Conspiracy)

Burr Conspiracy: Following election loss in NY, Burr flees West and allies with James Williamson in alleged attempt to secede the SW states; Williamson turns on Burr as he leads armed supporters to attack New Orleans, charged with treason but acquitted thanks to meddling by John Marshall in the trial.

“Revolution” of 1800 (Election): Jefferson elected after 36 ballots in the house and messy campaign against Adams 73-73 electoral vote tie between Burr and Jefferson, backdoor deals to become president (Cliffhanger)

John Randolph of Roanoke: Served in both House and Senate for VA, chief prosecutor in the impeachment of Samuel Chase, self proclaimed leader of the “Old Republicans” that wished to restrict the role of the federal government

John Marshall:  Chief Justice from 1801-1835 - dominated the court more fully than anyone in US history and molded the development of the constitution almost as much as the framers themselves 

Marbury v. Madison: Court ruled that Marbury had right to appointment but the Court had no authority to force Madison to deliver the commission; Thus, in denying its own authority (to compel the delivery of commissions), the Court massively expanded it, assertings its ability to nullify an act of Congress)

Judicial Review: Explicitly established under Marbury v. Madison; ability of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional 

Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Placed important restrictions on ability of state governments to control corporations; NH could not modify the charter of Dartmouth granted by George III (Daniel Webster’s famous oral arguments)

McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland could not tax the B.U.S branch in the state, confirming both “necessary and proper” and “supremacy” clauses of the Constitution

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Cherokee sought injunction against Georgia laws depriving them of rights to their land; SCOTUS heard the case but declined to rule on its merits as it declared it did not have original jurisdiction since the Cherokee was not truly a foreign nation

Worcester v. Georgia: Reversed decision in Cherokee Nation, declared that tribes had sovereignty and the Georgia had no authority to pass laws affecting Cherokee land; decision was not enforced and Jacskon ordered the expulsion of the Cherokee (Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears)

Fletcher v. Peck: Inviolability of contracts; land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption is involved

Lewis and Clark: Jefferson’s private secretary Merriweather Lewis, and skilled frontiersman and Indian fighter William Clark were tasked in 1803 to explore the West up to the Pacific; worked with Natives - Sacajawea; left in 1804 - returned in 1806 

Zebulon Pike: Led an expedition from St. Louis into upper Miss Valley, followed Arkansas river valley to Colorado in 1806 - Stories that endured were inaccurate.

Tecumseh: Chief of the Shawnees, warned that Shawnees would be exterminated if action against the white Americans were not taken; understood that tribes needed to be united in order to fight back, sets out to unite all natives in the Mississippi Valley and promises to halt white expansion, recover the whole Northwest, and make the Ohio River the boundary between the US and the Native Americans

King Caucus: Practice by which caucuses in Congress selected the presidential nominees for their respective parties; ended with election of 1824 in which four candidates were nominated by various assemblies for the Democratic-Republicans

“Corrupt Bargain:” JQA elected in the House, Henry Clay (bitter rival of Jackson and the incumbent Speaker of the House) uses influence to elect Adams, who then names Clay Sec. of State → scandal haunts the JQA presidency. 

National Republicans: Evolved from the faction of the Democratic-Republicans that supported JQA, organized as “Anti-Jackson” once he came to power, nominated Henry Clay in 1832 (party platform: American system, unity) who lost to Jackson; combined with the Anti-Masons and other Anti-Jackson movements to form the Whig Party after 1832 

Democratic Party: Founded in 1828 to back Andrew Jackson, mostly organized by Martin Van Buren, supported expansive presidential power, the interests of slave states, agrarianism, and expansionism - opposed a national bank and high tariffs.

Anti-Masonic Party: Created in response to the Freemasonry, which was seen as a corrupt secret society and had been accused of murdering William Morgan; the party enjoyed unexpected success in NE state legislatures and got several senators elected before  its supports largely joined the Whigs 

Spoils System; rotation-in-office: Practice of appointing political supporters and friends to federal positions pioneered by Jackson → replaced ⅕ of federal officeholders and set new precedent for frequent rotation of government appointees 

National Nominating Convention: Anti-Masonic Party held the first true national convention in Baltimore in 1831, the National Republicans and Democrats soon followed suit as national conventions to select candidates become the norm in the new two party system

Universal White Male Suffrage: States begin to remove property requirements for voting under Jacksonian Democracy; white male voting rights increased significantly while laws that allowed free blacks to vote in some states were repealed 

South Carolina Exposition and Protest: Opposition piece to the Tariff of 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” anonymously written by John C. Calhoun -- laid groundwork for nullification

Tariff of Abominations: High Tariff passed in 1828 that was seen as hurting both farming and industry, met with staunch opposition in the South 

Tariff of 1832: Reduced the Tariff of Abominations but was still deemed far too high by SC, which blamed it for its economic recession → nullification of the 1832 law by a SC State Convention created crisis 

Tariff of 1833: Compromise that ended the Nullification Crisis; tariffs would be gradually reduced to levels under the original 1816 tariffs over a period of 10 years 

Nullification: Theory that states could nullify laws they considered unconstitutional, first floated in response to the Alien and Sedition Actions, used by SC against tariffs 

Force Bill: Grants Jackson the power to use military force to ensure the adherence to federal tariff laws; passed in response to the SC Nullification Crisis; SC responded by nullifying the Force Bill

Martin van Buren: Sec. of State under Jackson, first “American Born President;” “Martin Van Ruin” → one term marked by inability to deal with recession created at end of Jackson’s term, few major accomplishments

“Kitchen Cabinet:” Group of Jackson’s close advisors outside of the official cabinet secretaries (Sec. of State Van Buren was part of both groups)

Eaton Affair: Peggy O’Neale marries John Eaton (Sec of War), only Van Buren accepts the new Cabinet Wife, leads to sharp decline in influence of Calhoun, Van Buren’s increases 

Webster-Hayne Debate: Debate between Danie Webster of MA and Robery Hayne of SC, initially over the sale of Western lands but soon become a debate over Unionism and the right to nullification

Maysville Road Veto: Part of the Cumberland Road System, vetoed by Jackson as it fell entirely within KY → showed his strict interpretation of the Constitution (opposition to Henry Clay, who was from KY, likely contributed to his veto as well)

Trail of Tears: Mass expulsion of Native Americans from the South under the Indian Removal Act; thousands died during the 600+ mile trip to reservations in OK territory 

Nicholas Biddle: President of the Second B.U.S from 1823-1836; strong defender of the bank against Jackson, applied for recharter in 1832 at urging of Webster and others that wished to make the election a referendum on the bank 

Biddle Recession: After Jackson attempted to destroy the bank’s influence before its charter expired in 1832 by removing federal funds (pet banks), Biddle raised rates, lessened credit available and called mortgages in an attempt to force Jackson to relent… Jackson successfully blamed Biddle for the resulting economic crisis, effectively killing any hope of the bank enduring 

Specie Circular: Executive Order under Jackson that required all government land to be purchased with gold and silver, not paper currency

Panic of 1837: Brought on by specie circular, lack of a central bank, and international economic conditions (ie. restrictive lending in UK) → banks went bankrupt, factories closed, unemployment rose; Whigs blame Democrats 

Independent Treasury Act: Weak attempt by Van Buren to recreate a national bank-esque system to deal with the recession; faced stiff opposition from Whigs and conservative Democrats 

Pet Banks: Jackson removed federal deposits from the B.U.S and placed them in a series of state banks instead, which became known as pet banks.

Second National Party System: 

Whigs v. Democrats: Whigs: Led by Daniel Webster and Hugh Lawson, took the name of British opposition party from the 1700’s -- opposed Jackson, favored expanded federal power and industrial development but cautious toward western expansion -- difficult to create a national platform (Great Triumvirate); strongest support in NE, wealthy Southern planters and westerners with northern roots; Democrats: Jackson → Van Buren

William Henry Harrison: 1840 Whig Candidate, War Hero from the West, portrayed as growing up in a log cabin -- “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” died one month into office → John Tyler became president and pursued anti-Whig policies, cabinet resigned and party divided → sectional conflicts throughout the nation 

Felix Grundy: Representative from TN, leading war hawk whose “Speech” was one of the main justifications for the War of 1812

“War Hawks:” Led by Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC), wanted war with UK to seize fertile lands in Canada; take Florida from the Spanish; justified their efforts by citing impressment and other oppressive British acts 

Henry Clay: Leading War Hawk, KY  Representative (Speaker from 1823-25, gets JQA elected), Senator, and Sec of State; ran for president in 1824, 32, and 44; helped found both National Republican and Whig Parties (part of the Great Triumvirate); introduced the American System (Tariff of 1816, 2nd B.U.S, federal funding for internal improvements); helped create the Missouri Compromise, end the Nullification Crisis, and the Compromise of 1850

John C. Calhoun: Representative and Senator from SC, Sec. of War under Monroe, Vice President under JQA and Jackson, broke with Jackson over his strong unionist stance during the nullification crisis, resigned as VP in 1832 to join the Senate, member of the Great Triumvirate in 1832, also ran in 1824 

War of 1812: Fought ostensibly over impressment and other British offenses against the US, really a land grab; early US victories while the UK was tied down fighting Napoleon, Battle of Fort McHenry → Francis Scott Key; British burn the White House, slaughters of natives in South and West; ended with Treaty of Ghent 

Hartford Convention: NE Revolt against the War of 1812, delegates met in Hartford to discuss grievances with the war and Republican government → proposed 7 Constitutional amendments that would significantly lessen power of Republicans, believed they would be forced to accept; end of the war humiliated Federalists and proved to be a death blow to the party  

Battle of New Orleans: Occurred after the official conclusion of the War of 1812; Andrew Jackson became a military hero for his massive defeat of the British

Treaty of Ghent: US delegation led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin; Americans gave up demands for end of impressment and cession of Canada, UK gave up demand for creation of a Native American buffer state in Northwest, other matters referred to arbitration → Signed Christmas Eve in 1814, named Treaty of Ghent after Belgian city in which it was negotiated 

Second Bank of the United States: Chartered in 1816 after the War of 1812 and a flood of unregulated currency hit the market 

Tariff of 1816: First US tariff to protect business, part of Henry Clay’s American System 

Bonus Bill: Proposal to use dividends from the B.U.S to fund internal improvements, vetoed by Madison who supported such improvements but believed it to be unconstitutional as there was no express Constitutional permission to fund roads and canals 

James Madison: President 1809-1817 -- short a dull, wife “greatest asset” -- first modern first lady; “Mr. Madison’s War” 

“Era of Good Feelings:” 1816-1824: Post War of 1812, no major international threats, end of First Party System (Monroe’s 231-1 reelection), major economic growth, the emergence of nationalism, Western expansion 

James Monroe: President 1817-1825, inclusive cabinet -- JQA, Calhoun; Unprecedented Goodwill tour, almost-unanimous 1820 reelection; last founding father to be president; Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine: “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine:” closed the Western Hemisphere to European Colonization; England helped enforce to thwart France and Spain 

National System: Championed by Henry Clay -- Tariff of 1816, 2nd B.U.S, federal funding for internal improvements

John Quincy Adams: “Bulldog among Spaniels” - Sec of State under Monroe and one of America’s best diplomats; Won election of 1824 in corrupt bargain with Henry Clay -- haunted his presidency in which little was accomplished despite an ambitious agenda → passed “Tariff of Abominations” after trying to please North and South, could not stop GA from taking Cherokee land 

Daniel Webster: Representative and Senator from MA; Webster-Haynes Debate; one of the greatest orators in the US, member of the Great Triumvirate, Sec of State under Harrison and only member of the cabinet to remain under John Tyler (he resigned later)

Panic of 1819: 1st economic panic since the Constitution was ratified, caused by B.U.S efforts to fight inflation by raising interest rates in wake of the postwar boom 

Tallmadge Amendment: Bill that would free all slaves born in MI after it became a state at age 25 → gradual emancipation; passed by Northern controlled house but died in Senate where it was blocked by the South

Missouri Compromise: “Firebell in the Night” - Jefferson; ME and MI statehood proposals combined to single bill → Senator Jesse B. Thomas of IL proposed and had passed an amendment that prohibited slavery in the LA purchase territory north of the southern border of MI (36°30❜ parallel)

Economic Development 1800-1840

Lowell Girls: Young female workers at the Lowell Mill in MA, the first integrated mill in the United States; the female workers formed the first female union in the US in 1845

Sectionalism: States rights → nullification; opposed Jackson’s unionist ideals, strong federal government; led to regional conflicts and eventually the Civil War 

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819: “The Transcontinental Treaty:” JQA purchases Eastern FL from Spain for $5 million

Caroline Affair: UK burns US Ship, the Caroline, while it is moored on the US side of the Niagara River (the ship had dropped off hundreds of Americans that had been recruited by a Canadian rebel leader); Canadian Sheriff Alexander McLeod was arrested for his supposed involvement in the incident, UK demanded release but Webster was powerless until NYS acquitted him

Creole Incident: Slaves mutiny against the crew of the Creole and take the ship the British Bahamas, where slavery had been abolished; the UK refused to hand over the ship and slaves to the US 

Aroostook War: Brawl between American and Canadian lumberjacks over territory along the US-Canada border  

Webster-Ashburton Treaty: 1842 Treaty signed by John Tyler that settled a number of border issues between the US and Canada; set firm northern boundary that exists until today, ending Aroostook War

Locofocos: Faction within the Democratic Party in NYC that opposed the regular democratic organization (“Tammany Hall”) -- strong laissez-faire capitalists → Flour Riots of 1837; never gained national influence but Van Buren was labeled a locofoco by his Whig opponents in 1840

Albany Regency: Group of politicians that controlled NY from 1822-1838, primarily founded by MVB;  one of America’s first political machines, it was an elitist group

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge: Case heard by the new Taney Court, ruled that a second bridge could be built over the Charles River as it would benefit the public and the initial contract but not explicitly establish exclusivity for the Charles River Bridge