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Chapter 4 - An Overview of Prices

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French and Indian War

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Chapter 2: Quadratic Functions

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Social Psychology and Personality (AP)

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AP World History Unit 7 - Lesson 7.3

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ARRT Registry Prep - Studying Outline

ARRT Registry Prep - Studying Outline

Suggested Materials

ARRT Content Specs (link)
Radtech Bootcamp (Clover Learning)
Mosby Review Textbook (amazon)
Bontrager Procedures Textbook (or Merrills)

Section 1: Image Production

Mosby Chapter 4 - Image Production
- Read Mosby chapter 4 - Image Production (save the practice questions)
RTBC Radiographic Image production Section
- X-ray Tube and Components Module
  - Can you draw out the x-ray tube?
  - Which side is positive?
  - Which side is negative?
  - What is the role of the glass envelope?
  - What is the role of the tube housing?
  - What end of the tube has the filament and focusing cup?
  - What are the types of anodes?
  - Why is a rotating anode preferred over a stationary anode?
  - What is the anode made of?
  - Why is that anode material used? What are the benefits?
  - Describe the induction motor.
    - What is a stator?
    - What does the rotor do?
    - What do the bearings do?
  - MP youtube video Rad Safety 1 - X-ray production
- Anode Heel Effect
  - Can you define anode heel effect?
  - Why is the beam more intense on the cathode end?
  - If the degree of anode angle decreases - will that increase or decrease the anode heel effect?
- Line Focus Principle
  - Can you define the line focus principle?
  - Which is larger, Actual focal spot or Effective focal spot?
  - Where is the actual focal spot located?
  - Which one goes toward the patient?
  - If you decrease anode angle (choose small focal spot) how will that affect the effective focal spot size?
- Tube Loading (Heat Units)
  - Know definition and math formula only.
  - Formula: Ma \times kVp \times S \times factor
RTBC Radiographic Image Production - Electrical Physics section
- Watch Series Circuit & Parallel Circuit Lessons - go basic, don’t stress the math. Can you describe the difference between series and parallel circuits?
- Watch Ohm’s law lesson - go basic, know definitions - don’t stress the math
  - Define Amperes
  - Define Voltage
  - Define Resistance
RTBC Radiographic Image Production -X-ray Circuit section X-ray Circuit
- First find an image of the x-ray circuit
- List the components of the primary, secondary and filament circuit
- What does the component do? What is its job?
- Watch 3 lessons first
  - Primary Circuit
  - Secondary Circuit
  - Filament Circuit
- What is the incoming voltage coming into the circuit?
- Which transformer comes first in the circuit?
- What is the role of the autotransformer?
- The autotransformer works on what type of induction?
- What is the role of the step up transformer?
- What is the role of the step down transformer?
- The step up & step down transformers work on what type of induction?
- What is the role of the rectifier?
- What is the difference between direct and alternating current
- What works on alternating current in the circuit?
- What works on direct current in the x-ray circuit?
- What is the rheostat?
- When a technologist increases the mA on the control panel, what factors will also increase?
- The other circuit videos are optional
- Skip transformer math- not needed
RTBC - Image Production - Primary Exposure Factors
- mA
  - Define tube current
  - How does mA relate to the number x-rays produced?
  - How does mA relate to thermionic emission?
- Time (Seconds / milliseconds)
  - How is mAs calculated? What is the reciprocity law?
- kVp
  - Define Tube Potential
  - How does kVp relate to the energy of the electron beam?
  - How does kVp relate to beam Quality?
  - Can kVp also change the intensity of the beam?
  - How does kVp relate to patient dose?
  - Can you describe the 15% rule?
- Distance (SID)
  - What does SID stand for?
  - How does increasing the distance affect the intensity?
- Complete the primary exposure factor assessment
RTBC - Image Production - Advanced Exposure Factors
- Inverse Square Law
  - Go basic on this concept! If you move farther away from the source, your dose will decrease!
  - Optional Watch MP Inverse square law math video on youtube (math playlist)
- AEC
  - Where is the AEC located in the x-ray room?
  - Can you describe how it works?
  - What does AEC control?
  - What is the backup timer used for on AEC?
  - What is the minimum response time for AEC?
  - When would a technologist use the density controls?
  - What is a disadvantage of AEC?
  - What is considered a Technologist error when using AEC?
  - What are the Density controls used for in AEC?
  - How will the following adjustments change the seconds during exposure? (Increase or decrease of seconds)
    - Increase kVp
    - Increase mA
    - Decrease mA
    - Increase Density setting by + 1
- Grids
  - What is the purpose of a grid?
  - Where will you find a moving (oscillating) grid in the x-ray room?
  - What type of exams would you use a “stationary” grid?
  - What factor should you increase when using a grid?
  - How will grids affect patient dose?
- Grid Conversion Math
  - What is the Grid Ratio Formula?
  - Grid Conversion formula?
  - Watch MP Grid math youtube video Grid Math # 1 Grid Math # 2
- Grid Errors
  - What is Grid cutoff?
  - Can you describe possible grid errors?
    - Off level
    - Off angle
    - Off center
    - Off Focus
    - Upside Down
- Reciprocity Law
  - Know definition
  - How can the reciprocity law be used with mA and S settings?
    - If you increase seconds, how should mA be adjusted?
- mAs Reciprocity Math
- Direct Square Law
  - Watch MP Youtube Direct Square Law Video Direct Square Law # 1 Direct Square Law # 2
  - Change in mAs with change in distance
  - Farther away? Need more mAs
- 15% Rule
  - Watch MP Youtube 15 % rule video 15% rule Radiology problems
  - Increasing kVp by 15% = double exposure
  - Don’t want to double the exposure? Half your mAs to compensate
- Complete advanced Exposure Factor Module Assessment
RTBC Fundamentals of Digital Radiography
- Computed Radiography (CR)
  - Write out the steps of the Computed Radiography imaging process.
  - What is the type of phosphor used in CR?
  - List the CR plate layers
  - What happens in the active/phosphor layer?
  - What is the color of the laser?
  - What pattern does the laser scan in?
  - What color light is emitted?
  - Compare Latent vs. Manifest image
  - What is the role of the photomultiplier?
  - What does the analog to digital converter (ADC) do?
  - How is the CR plate erased?
  - What is a ghost error on a CR plate?
  - How long can the latent image last on the CR plate?
  - How often should you erase the CR plates?
  - What is a Moire pattern?
RTBC Fundamentals of Digital Radiography
- Direct and indirect capture Lesson
  - Write out the steps of indirect vs. direct capture or draw it out!
    - Separate the capture methods into columns to visualize
      - Indirect TFT method
      - Indirect CCD/CMOS method
      - Direct Capture method
    - Identify the parts:
      - Does it have a scintillator?
      - Does it have a photodiode?
      - Does it skip the scintillator?
    - What is the job of each part? Does it convert something? Does it collect something?
    - Which one uses amorphous silicon?
    - Which one uses amorphous selenium?
    - What is the fill factor?
- Complete Digital Radiography Module Assessment
RTBC Digital Radiography Section
- DEL’s and Image receptor matrix
  - What does DEL stand for?
  - Where are DEL’s located?
- Pixels & Matrix
  - What does Pixel stand for?
  - The number of pixels depends on the size of the?
  - What is a common matrix size in radiography?
  - Do we want a small matrix or a large matrix? Think Big Screen TV!
  - If the matrix size gets larger, how will that change the size of pixels?
  - Would large or small pixels improve spatial resolution?
  - Don’t stress the pixel size math equation
- Dynamic range & Exposure Latitude
  - Define Dynamic Range
  - Define Exposure Latitude
  - Define the term mottle
    - How will the image appear?
  - Define the term Saturation
    - How will the image appear?
- Bit depth & Quantization
  - Define Bit Depth
  - When does Quantization take place?
  - Define the Quantization process
  - Increasing Bit depth will have an affect on which factors?
- Histogram
  - Define Histogram
  - What is displayed on the X- axis? What is displayed on the Y-axis?
  - Describe Histogram Analysis Value of Interest (VOI)
  - Define Rescaling
  - Define Look-up Table (LUT)
  - Does correct collimation have any affect on Histogram analysis?
  - Is it important to process the image under the correct anatomy selection on the control panel? Ex. Should you process a chest under a foot setting?
- Pre & Post Processing terms
  - Know Definitions (not on RTBC)
    - Annotation
    - Cropping/masking
    - Stitching
    - Region of interest (ROI)
    - Flat Fielding
    - Edge Enhancement
    - Smoothing
- MIMPS (AKA PACS) Introduction
  - What does PACS stand for?
  - Define DICOM
  - Define EMR, What is an EHR? How is this different from an EMR?
  - Skip Pacs 2
  - Not found on RTBC- go to another resource (Mosby)
    - What does HIS stand for?
    - What does RIS stand for? R = specific to Radiology! “Modality Worklist”
    - What is Teleradiology?
    - Describe Archiving of radiographic images
- Complete the Digital Radiography module assessment
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Image Quality Factors - Contrast
  - Define Radiographic Contrast
  - What does the term “Gray Scale” mean?
  - Describe High contrast image appearance
  - Describe Low contrast image appearance
  - How would a “short scale” contrast appear?
  - How would a “long scale” contrast appear?
  - Contrast (kVp)
    - Define Differential Attenuation
      - Can you describe what attenuation of the beam means?
      - Why does the beam attenuate differently with different areas of the body?
    - Will low kVp have a high or low attenuation?
    - Will high kVp have a higher or lower attenuation?
    - How does attenuation relate to contrast?
    - How can the 15% kVp rule adjust the contrast on a low contrast image?
  - Contrast (procedural factors)
    - List the procedural factors that affect contrast
    - How does an increase in OID affect contrast?
      - Describe the air gap technique
      - Use in place of a grid!
    - What is the primary purpose of using a grid?
    - Why does using a grid improve contrast?
    - Would using a higher grid ratio (12:1) increase contrast more than a lower grid ratio (5:1)?
      - Why?
  - Contrast (Subject Contrast) = Patient Variables
    - Describe the process of absorption
    - Will the lungs have high or low absorption?
    - Will the bone (vertebrae) have high or low absorption?
    - Does the size of the patient affect contrast?
      - How will a KUB radiograph on a larger patient appear?
      - High contrast or low contrast?
      - Can you explain why?
    - When there is more scatter, will there be a lower contrast image appearance?
      - Why?
  - Contrast (Digital Factors)
    - What does the term “raw image” mean?
    - What is the LUT?
    - What does the LUT do?
    - How important is it to use the correct protocol for processing images?
    - Define the post processing application Windowing
      - What does Window Width change?
      - Describe an image with Wide Window Width
      - Describe an image with narrow window width
      - What does Window Level Change?
  - Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
    - Describe the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
    - What is on top of the SNR ratio? Signal or noise?
  - Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
    - What is the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)?
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Image Quality Factors - Receptor Exposure
  - Can you define Receptor Exposure?
  - Define Quantum Mottle or Quantum Noise
    - Will noise occur at low or high mAs?
  - Define Saturation
    - Is Saturation going to occur at a high or low exposure?
  - What does the term gross exposure error mean?
  - What is the Exposure Indicator?
    - What does the EI tell us?
    - Do all manufacturers use the same EI indicator?
  - How does mAs relate to the number of x-ray photons in the x-ray beam (Quantity)?
  - How does mAs affect the Receptor Exposure?
  - Will increasing kVp affect the Receptor Exposure?
    - Will increasing the kVp increase the beam energy?
    - Will increasing the kVp increase the beam penetrability?
    - Will using the 15% rule affect receptor exposure?
  - How does SID affect receptor exposure?
    - Will increasing SID decrease receptor exposure?
    - How will increasing the SID affect the beam intensity?
  - When increasing collimation, how is that changing the field size?
    - How will increasing the collimation affect receptor exposure?
  - Does the anode angle change the amount of radiation exiting the x-ray beam?
    - Will decreasing the anode angle increase the anode heel effect?
      - why?
    - Why will a small anode angle decrease the intensity of the x-ray beam?
    - Why will a small anode angle decrease the receptor exposure?
  - What does beam filtration do?
    - Will increasing filtration decrease the total receptor exposure?
      - Why?
    - Will increasing filtration decrease the beam quantity?
      - Why?
  - Will adding on a grid reduce receptor exposure?
    - Why?
    - Will a higher grid ratio (12:1) decrease the receptor exposure more than a lower grid ratio (6:1)?
      - Why?
  - Does patient size affect receptor exposure?
    - Why will a larger patient decrease receptor exposure?
    - Why?
  - What type of pathology will increase receptor exposure?
    - Why?
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Image Quality Factors - Spatial Resolution
  - Define Spatial Resolution
  - Describe a high spatial resolution image
    - What type of resolution will have blur?
    - Will it have high visibility?
    - Will the lines be sharp?
  - How is spatial resolution measured?
  - How will OID affect spatial resolution?
    - Will decreasing OID improve spatial resolution?
      - Why?
  - Can you describe what the term beam divergence means?
  - How will SID affect spatial resolution?
    - Will Increasing SID improve spatial resolution?
      - Why?
  - Will the small or large focal spot improve spatial resolution?
    - What is meant by a “narrow focal spot”
  - What is the focal spot size affected by?
  - Will motion result in decreased spatial resolution?
  - Can you list the factors that DO NOT affect spatial resolution?
  - What is a DEL?
  - How does the size of the DEL affect spatial resolution?
    - We want small DELs!
  - What is the DEL pitch?
  - What size pixels would improve the spatial resolution?
    - We want small Pixels!
  - What is the Pixel Pitch?
  - What size matrix would improve the spatial resolution?
    - We want a large Matrix (think large screen TV!)
  - Modulator Transfer Function
    - What does the MTF evaluate?
    - What is the perfect or ideal MTF?
    - What is the sampling frequency in CR and how does it relate to spatial resolution?
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Image Quality Factors - Distortion
  - Define the term distortion
  - Define the term Magnification or Size Distortion
  - What are the 3 controlling factors of Size Distortion (magnification)
  - Will decreasing SID increase or decrease magnification?
  - Can you explain OID?
  - If you decrease OID, will that increase or decrease magnification?
  - Can you explain what SOD is?
  - How does the anatomical position within our body have an effect on magnification?
  - Will larger patients have an effect on magnification?
    - Why?
  - What is the magnification factor equation?
  - Image Quality Distortion - Shape Distortion
    - What are the two types of shape distortion?
    - What are the 3 factors involved in shape distortion?
    - When does foreshortening occur?
      - Foreshortening = part
    - What causes elongation of the part?
      - Tube / IR alignment
      - Hint TIRE = Tube, IR, = Elongated
    - Can you give any examples of how technologists would use shape distortion to demonstrate areas of anatomy?
- Take Image Quality Module Assessment
RTBC Fundamentals of Fluoroscopy Section
- Are you familiar with both the Image Intensifier and the newer version, flat panel detectors? If not, watch the intro!
- Watch the Fluoroscopy Image Intensifier lesson
- Also Watch MP Youtube video on Image Intensifier Hint XLELM
- Image Intensifier tips!
- Next = arts and crafts!
  - Draw out image intensifier yourself
  - Label the parts
  - Can you put them in order? If you had to drag and drop them in order could you?
  - What is the job of each part?
    - Convert x-rays to light etc.
  - What are the Input & output phosphors made of?
  - Can you describe Brightness gain, minification gain and flux gain?
RTBC Fundamentals of Fluoroscopy 2023 Section
- Image Intensifier
  - Draw out image intensifier yourself
  - Label the parts
  - Can you put them in order?
    - If you had to drag and drop them in order could you?
  - What is the job of each part?
    - Convert x-rays to light etc.
  - What is the Input phosphor made of?
  - What is the photocathode made of?
  - What is the output phosphor made of?
- Fluoroscopic grids
  - Why are lower grid ratios used in fluoroscopic imaging?
- Brightness gain
  - Can you describe Brightness gain?
  - What is the formula for Brightness gain?
  - Describe minification gain
  - What is the formula for minification gain?
  - Describe flux gain
  - What is the formula for flux gain?
- Automatic Brightness control (ABC)
  - Describe how Automatic Brightness control works
  - What are other names for ABC?
- Fluoroscopic image quality
  - Describe Vignetting
  - Describe pincushion artifact
- Flat Panel Detector (FPD)
  - What kind of digital conversion is used in FPD’s in fluoro? Indirect or direct?
  - What are some benefits of FPD’s over II’s?
  - Put the components in order
  - Can you describe the process in order?
- Pulsed Fluoroscopy & Frame Averaging
  - Can you describe how pulsed fluoroscopy is different from continuous fluoroscopy?
  - How is pulsed fluoroscopy different from intermittent fluoroscopy?
  - How can pulsed fluoro be used to reduce patient dose?
- Spot Imaging & LIH
  - What is a spot image?
  - Can you describe the difference in patient dose between using a Last Image Hold (LIH) and a spot image?
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Image Evaluation Module - Errors
  - Exposure Errors
    - Can you define receptor exposure?
    - Can you list factors that affect receptor exposure?
    - Will mottle be present in an underexposed image or an overexposed image?
    - What is an exposure indicator?
    - Exposure indicators are what type of systems?
    - Fuji system (CR equipment) uses what as the Exposure indicator?
    - What is the ideal EI for Fuji CR?
    - If the S number is low will that indicate over exposure?
  - Processing Errors
    - What is the Histogram definition?
    - What is on the x-axis?
    - What is on the y- axis?
    - What is histogram analysis? Values of Interest (VOI)
    - Describe the rescaling process
      - What does rescaling compensate for?
    - What does the LUT do to the raw image?
    - Is the LUT a mathematical formula?
    - What happens if the technologist processes the part on the incorrect histogram?
  - Receptor Errors
    - Can you describe receptor damage?
    - What does “hyperdense” artifact look like?
    - Describe a pixel malfunction or dead pixel
    - How can a technologist decipher between a dead pixel or an artifact within the patient?
    - What is a Ghost Image?
      - CR only!
  - Positioning Errors
    - What factors can influence positioning errors?
    - Pay attention to the lateral knee rotation!
  - Identification Errors
    - What information does the radiograph have to include?
- Complete Module Assessment
RTBC radiographic Image Evaluation & Quality Control Section
- Quality Control (QC)
  - Don’t stress any of this math!
    - Centering, distance, collimation
      - Centering must be within what percentage?
      - Distance (SID) must be within what percentage?
      - Collimation must be within +/- what %?
    - Timer & AEC
      - Exposure timer must be within +/- what percentage?
      - AEC goal = appropriate receptor exposure even when the size and pathology of the patient are changing
      - How is AEC tested?
    - kVp reproducibility and linearity
      - kVp needs to be within +/- what percentage?
      - Note Bushong says +/- 10% for kVp (memorize 10% or 5%)
      - What does Exposure Reproducibility mean?
      - It must be within +/- what percentage?
      - How does linearity differ from reproducibility?
      - Linearity must be within +/- what percentage?
    - Image Receptor
      - Detector Calibration should be calibrated to produce?
      - Why are CR readers calibrated?
      - Can you describe the erasure thoroughness?
      - Describe Plate Uniformity evaluation
      - What is the spatial resolution test of the image receptor system?
    - Display System
      - What is a monitor calibration?
      - What are the 4 factors for monitor evaluation?
      - What is the test pattern used?
  - Find Mosby Quality Control section
  - Optional - MP youtube video on QC Other items better explained in Corectec Lessons & Mosby Textbook
Technique Charts - not found on RTBC
- Can you describe the Automatic Programmed Technique (APR) equipment?
  - Anatomically Programmed Radiography
- What technical factor varies on a Fixed kVp chart?
- What technical factor is not adjusted on a variable kVp chart?
- Why would age require an adjustment in technical factors?
  - Pediatric adjustment example?
  - Geriatric adjustment example?
- Do you know what BMI stands for?
  - How would you adjust your technical factors to compensate for a patient with a large BMI?
- Why does contrast media require a technical factor adjustment?
  - What kVp is recommended for iodinated contrast material?
  - What kVp is recommended for Barium Sulfate?
Display Monitors
- How is the radiographic image best viewed?
- Viewing angle - 90 degree angle to the monitor
- Ambient lighting
  - Think radiologist sitting in a dark room with low lighting.
- SMPTE test pattern
- Importance of luminance levels - how is luminance tested?
Lead Apron testing for QC
- Performed annually using fluoroscopy
- Cracks in lead aprons are from folding the lead
Technologists role in the recognition and reporting of malfunctions
- Evaluate images
- Report errors immediately
- Reach out to engineering for assistance when required
- Documentation!
Corectec Lessons 8,9, & 10
Complete Mosby Image production questions Chapter 5
Go back to the content specs - did you cover all the areas?

Section 2: Radiation Safety

Start By reading Mosby Chapter 3 Safety and/or Corectec Safety Lessons
RTBC x-ray production and safety section
- X-ray production module
  - X-ray Production Lesson
    - Can you talk through the steps of x-ray production starting with the source of free electrons?
      - X-ray production steps - Write them out or record yourself explaining them
    - Define Thermionic Emission
    - What key words in the video can you relate to mA?
    - What accelerates the electrons over to the anode?
    - What decelerates the electrons?
    - What percentage is heat vs. x-ray photons at the anode?
  - Watch the two video lessons on Brems & Characteristic
    - Draw out Brems & Characteristic interactions
    - Could you identify them by using an image only?
    - Could you identify them by reading a definition?
    - Do these interactions happen at the tube or at the patient?
    - Do these interactions start with an electron or a photon? Line or wave?
- Complete module assessment
RTBC Image Production Section
- X-ray Beam Lesson
  - Properties of the beam
    - Can you list several properties of the beam?
    - How does the x-ray beam travel?
      - Speed?
      - Does the x-ray beam have a mass?
      - Does it have a charge?
  - Wavelength vs. Frequency
    - Can you define both terms?
    - How is wavelength measured?
    - How does increasing energy affect frequency & wavelength?
  - Beam Quantity 1 & Beam Quantity 2
    - What is the main controlling factor?
      - Can kVp also be an influencing factor for quality?
  - Beam Quality 1 & Beam Quality 2
    - What is the main controlling factor?
  - Complete the X-ray beam Assessment
RTBC x-ray production and safety section
- X-ray interactions with matter module
  - Complete the Photoelectric, Compton & Coherent lessons
    - Draw out Photoelectric and Compton interactions
    - Could you identify them by using an image only?
    - Could you identify them by reading a definition?
      - Which is responsible for patient dose?
      - Which is responsible for Tech dose?
    - Which interaction is least likely to happen in diagnostic rad?
RTBC X-ray production and Safety Section
- X-ray interactions with matter module
  - Attenuation Lesson
    - Will hardware (ex. Hip replacement) have high or low attenuation?
    - Will soft tissue or air have a high or low attenuation?
  - Complete the Interactions with matter assessment

RTBC x-ray production and safety section

Radiation units of measurement module

  * Radiation measurements overview
  * Air Kerma & Exposure
  * Absorbed dose
 * Equivalent dose
          * What is the weighting factor for x-rays?
  * Effective dose
     * Hint: The A’s have Grays (Gy), The E’s Have V’s ( Sievert Sv), If there is a Q it multiplies 2 (Equivalent dose)

Complete the module assessment

RTBC x-ray production and safety section
- Radiation Biology Module
```
  * Stochastic Vs. Deterministic lesson
```
  - Could you identify a threshold vs. non threshold dose response curve by looking at an image only?
- Direct vs. Indirect Effects Lesson
  - Define Radiolysis
RTBC x-ray production and safety section
- Radiation Biology Module
```
  * Acute Radiation Syndrome Lesson
```
  - Embryonic & Fetal Effects
  - Complete the Radiation Biology assessment

RTBC x-ray production and safety section

Radiosensitivity Module

* Radiosensitivity intro
   * Review the factors considered for radiosensitivity
   * Why are younger individuals more sensitive?
* Radiation type

Does x-ray use high or low LET?

RTBC x-ray production and safety section
- Radiation detection devices module
  - Occupational Dosimetry Lesson
    - Know your numbers! Whole body yearly for technologist = 50 mSv
    - Lens of the eye = 150 mSv
    - Skin & Extremities = 500 mSv
    - Fetus total = 5 mSv, Fetus monthly = 0.5 mSv (pregnancy is 10 months)
      *How to Read Your Dosimetry Report from LANDAUER
      * Where should the fetal dosimeter be worn?
- What does “M” stand for on a Dosimeter report?
RTBC X-ray production and Safety Section
- Radiation Protection Lesson
  *Cardinal Rules - how can a technologist protect themselves?
  Skip gonadal shielding part

ALARA
* What is a primary barrier? How thick does it need to be?
* * What is a secondary barrier? How thick does it need to be?

RTBC Radiography Image Production Section
- Advanced Exposure Factors Lesson
  - Inverse Square Law Lesson
    - What will decrease with an increase in distance?
    - If you double your distance, how much will your intensity decrease by?
1. Minimizing Patient Dose
  - How can technical factors be adjusted to decrease patient dose? High kVp, low mAs
- AEC Watch RTBC AEC lessons
  - Grids

Watch RTBC Grids lessons
* Filtration
What are the types of filtration?
* Image Receptors
DR will reduce patient dose over CR or film.
* Use of Communication
* Communication can significantly decrease repeats

Minimizing Patient Dose in Fluoroscopy *Describe the automatic brightness control (ABC) Fluoro exposure rates: What is the recommended time to stay under in fluoroscopy? An alarm will sound at this time. * What is the source to skin distance (SSD) for mobile fluoro? Know inches & cm!
1. Complete the 100 Mosby Safety questions
  Review all topics. Use Quiz Builder Create 50 Question quiz on Safety Review

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Chapter 4 - An Overview of Prices

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French and Indian War

Studied by 14 people

Studied by 1 person

Chapter 2: Quadratic Functions

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Social Psychology and Personality (AP)

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AP World History Unit 7 - Lesson 7.3

Studied by 160 people