1407 Final Exam Review

New Stuff for the Final

• Important Reminder: Study your old exams.

Roles of Heterotrophic Bacteria

• Disease: Some heterotrophic bacteria cause diseases.
• Decomposition:
  • Recycling nutrients is a vital role.
• Waste Clean-up: Heterotrophic bacteria aid in waste management.
• Oil Spill Clean-up: They assist in cleaning up oil spills.
• Insulin Production: Used in the manufacture of insulin.
• Yogurt Production: Used in making yogurt.
• Vinegar Production: Used in making vinegar.

Example Groups of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Members

• Proteobacteria:
  • Examples: E. coli
  • Gram-negative.
  • Some are heterotrophic; some are autotrophic.
• Chlamydia:
  • Disease-causing bacteria.
  • Often intracellular parasites.
  • Gram-negative.
• Spirochetes:
  • Small group of bacteria.
  • Examples: Syphilis, Lyme disease.
• Gram-positives:
  • Examples: Staph, Strep.

Gram + vs. Gram - Bacteria

• Gram + Bacteria:
  • Large cell wall on the outside.
• Gram - Bacteria:
  • Smaller cell wall.
  • Extra membrane surrounding the cell wall.
• Importance: Some antibiotics, like penicillin (which attack the cell wall), are less effective against Gram- bacteria.

Definitions

• Obligate Aerobes:
  • Require oxygen to live.
• Obligate Anaerobes:
  • Die in the presence of oxygen.
• Facultative Anaerobes:
  • Can live in or out of oxygen.
• Biofilm:
  • Plaques.
  • Bacteria form a film over surfaces.
• Taxis:
  • Ability of some bacteria to move.
• Virulence Factors:
  • Attributes that allow bacteria to cause disease.
  • Examples:
    • Flagella to escape immune cells.
    • Fimbriae to attach to tissues.
    • Endotoxins/exotoxins.
    • Capsule to "hide" from immune cells.

Roles of Heterotrophic Protists

• Digests plant fiber for animals, including termites.
• Disease.
• Feed on bacteria.

Fungi Morphologies

• Mushrooms:
  • Multicellular.
  • Large reproductive structure.
  • Main part of the "body" is the mycelium.
• Mold:
  • Multicellular.
  • Tiny, numerous reproductive structures.
  • Mycelium.
• Yeasts:
  • Unicellular.

Fungi Terminology

• Hyphae:
  • Multicellular filament of fungi.
• Mycelium:
  • Network of hyphae.
• Septate:
  • Cells separated by cell walls.
• Aseptate/Coenocytic:
  • Cells not separated by cell walls.
• Ergotism:
  • Poisoning by toxins in fungi that form on rye grass.
  • Used to make LSD.

Roles of Fungi

• Disease:
  • Athlete's foot.
  • Ringworm.
  • Thrush.
• Decomposition
• Produce:
  • Drinking alcohol.
  • Cheeses.
  • Breads (rising).
  • Antibiotics.

Components of Biodiversity

• Genetic Diversity: Variation within a species/population.
• Species Diversity: Multiple species/populations in a habitat.
• Ecosystem Diversity: Variation in the niches of an ecosystem.

Services of Ecosystems

• Moderation of weather extremes.
• Preservation of soil.
• Cleansing water and air.
• Production of food/oxygen.
• Production of lumber, etc.

Main Threats to Species Loss

• Habitat loss.

• Pollution.

• Overharvesting.

• Invasive species.

• Climate change.

  *Habitat loss is #1 threat

Definitions related to population viability

• MVP (Minimum Viable Population):
  • Below which the population will start the extinction vortex.
• Extinction Vortex:
  • Process where low genetic diversity, inbreeding, and genetic drift causes small populations to weaken and become extinct.
• Biomagnification: Higher up the food chain, the greater the toxicity load an organism carries.
• Bioaccumulation: Organisms carry greater toxicity loads the older they get.

Actions to Help

• Carry a reusable water bottle.
• Say no to disposable straws and cutlery.
• Bring your own shopping bags.
• Ride share.
• Do not waste food.
• Use less water when brushing teeth, taking a shower, or washing the dishes.
• Use less electricity by turning off lights and electronic devices when not in use, using energy-saving light bulbs.
• Get active.
• Join conservation programs or eco-clubs.
• Plant native wildflowers, fruit trees, and pollinator-friendly plants in your garden or yard.