3rd Year, 2nd Sem | Prelims | Psychological Assessment

Which of the following best describes a psychological test?
 A) A tool used to diagnose mental illness
 B) A standardized procedure for obtaining a sample of behavior
 C) A type of therapy for behavioral problems
 D) A clinical interview method
 Correct Answer: B

Psychological assessment differs from psychological testing in that:
 A) Assessment uses only test scores
 B) Testing includes interviews and behavioral observations
 C) Assessment integrates multiple sources of data (tests, interviews, observations)
 D) Testing involves only academic evaluations
 Correct Answer: C

In testing terminology, an “item” refers to:
 A) The entire test
 B) The scoring procedure
 C) A specific stimulus to which a person responds
 D) The test administrator
 Correct Answer: C

Standardization in psychological testing ensures:
 A) All test items have the same difficulty
 B) Uniform administration, scoring, and interpretation
 C) That the test measures multiple traits simultaneously
 D) Customization for each test taker
 Correct Answer: B

The primary purpose of using norms in psychological tests is to:
 A) Increase test difficulty
 B) Provide a benchmark for interpreting individual scores
 C) Ensure all test-takers score similarly
 D) Measure test-taking speed
 Correct Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological tests?
 A) Standardized procedures
 B) Collection of a behavior sample
 C) Use of norms or standards
 D) Guarantee of perfect accuracy
 Correct Answer: D

The term “test administration” refers to:
 A) Scoring the test only
 B) Developing the test items
 C) The act of giving the test
 D) Interpreting test results
 Correct Answer: C

A key component of psychological assessment is the integration of data from:
 A) Test scores only
 B) Interviews, observations, and test results
 C) Case studies alone
 D) Standardized tests exclusively
 Correct Answer: B

Psychological tests are generally classified into:
 A) Only projective tests
 B) Psychometric and projective tests
 C) Cognitive and behavioral tests only
 D) None of the above
 Correct Answer: B

The “norm group” in psychological testing is:
 A) A group of test developers
 B) The population used to establish test norms
 C) The individual being tested
 D) A group of examiners
 Correct Answer: B

The term “nomothetic” refers to an approach that:
 A) Focuses on the unique individual case
 B) Uses case studies exclusively
 C) Applies general principles to large groups
 D) Ignores statistical methods
 Correct Answer: C

A major advantage of standardized tests is that they:
 A) Can only be administered in a laboratory
 B) Allow objective measurement across individuals
 C) Are designed for non-psychologists only
 D) Always predict future behavior with certainty
 Correct Answer: B

The primary focus of psychological testing is on:
 A) The referral question exclusively
 B) The individual’s behavior and characteristics
 C) Therapeutic interventions
 D) Academic achievement only
 Correct Answer: B

The goal of a screening assessment is to:
 A) Provide an immediate definitive diagnosis
 B) Quickly identify individuals who need further evaluation
 C) Replace comprehensive assessment
 D) Serve as the sole basis for decision making
 Correct Answer: B

Which assessment is designed to answer a specific diagnostic question in detail?
 A) Screening assessment
 B) Diagnostic assessment
 C) Counseling assessment
 D) Group testing
 Correct Answer: B

In testing, a “battery” is defined as:
 A) A single test with many items
 B) A group of tests administered together
 C) A power source for testing devices
 D) A scoring system
 Correct Answer: B

The Army Alpha test, developed during World War I, was used primarily to:
 A) Diagnose mental illnesses in soldiers
 B) Evaluate verbal, numerical, and reasoning abilities of recruits
 C) Measure physical fitness levels
 D) Assess creativity
 Correct Answer: B

Empirical criterion keying in test construction involves:
 A) Basing items solely on theory
 B) Selecting items that differentiate between high and low performers
 C) Random item selection
 D) Ignoring job performance criteria
 Correct Answer: B

The “g” factor in intelligence testing refers to:
 A) A specific skill set
 B) General intelligence common to all cognitive tasks
 C) Only group performance
 D) An outdated concept
 Correct Answer: B

Transforming the Binet-Simon scale into an IQ score involves:
 A) Multiplying mental age by chronological age
 B) Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
 C) Adding mental and chronological ages
 D) Subtracting chronological age from mental age
 Correct Answer: B

The ancient Chinese civil service examinations were significant because they:
 A) Focused solely on physical ability
 B) Selected government officials based on merit through testing
 C) Were based on lotteries
 D) Excluded written examinations
 Correct Answer: B

Test batteries in the Han Dynasty included multiple tests covering subjects such as:
 A) Military strategy only
 B) Law, geography, agriculture, and more
 C) Only poetry
 D) None of the above
 Correct Answer: B

Western adoption of testing systems was influenced by the Chinese system when:
 A) The French Revolution occurred
 B) The British adopted testing methods in the 19th century
 C) The American Civil War started
 D) The Renaissance began
 Correct Answer: B

Darwin’s theory contributed to understanding individual differences by emphasizing:
 A) That all individuals are the same
 B) “Survival of the fittest,” highlighting adaptive differences
 C) That intelligence is entirely genetic
 D) Uniform behavior in all species
 Correct Answer: B

Francis Galton is considered a pioneer in psychometrics because he:
 A) Developed the first intelligence test
 B) Applied statistical methods to study human differences
 C) Focused solely on clinical assessment
 D) Introduced projective techniques
 Correct Answer: B

Karl Pearson is best known for his work in:
 A) Developing the IQ formula
 B) Statistical regression and correlation methods
 C) Creating projective tests
 D) Clinical diagnosis
 Correct Answer: B

Early experimental psychologists such as Fechner and Wundt contributed by:
 A) Rejecting laboratory methods
 B) Establishing experimental laboratories and psychophysical methods
 C) Focusing only on qualitative data
 D) Ignoring individual differences
 Correct Answer: B

Alfred Binet is best known for:
 A) Creating the first projective test
 B) Developing the Binet-Simon intelligence scale
 C) Pioneering neuropsychological assessments
 D) Inventing aptitude tests for the military
 Correct Answer: B

The Army Alpha test was primarily developed to:
 A) Assess physical strength
 B) Quickly evaluate the cognitive abilities of large numbers of recruits
 C) Diagnose psychiatric conditions
 D) Measure creativity
 Correct Answer: B

Group testing introduced during the early 20th century allowed for:
 A) Individualized, non-standardized testing
 B) Efficient assessment of large groups simultaneously
 C) The elimination of test norms
 D) Testing exclusively military personnel
 Correct Answer: B

Who introduced the concept of mental age in intelligence testing?
 A) Francis Galton
 B) William Stern
 C) Charles Spearman
 D) Alfred Binet
 Correct Answer: B

Converting mental age to an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) involves:
 A) Multiplying mental age by chronological age
 B) Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
 C) Adding mental and chronological ages
 D) Subtracting chronological age from mental age
 Correct Answer: B

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a:
 A) Achievement test
 B) Projective test
 C) Cognitive ability test
 D) Neuropsychological test
 Correct Answer: B

The primary aim of ancient Chinese competitive examinations was to:
 A) Identify artistic talent
 B) Select officials based on knowledge and abilities
 C) Promote military leaders only
 D) Test physical endurance
 Correct Answer: B

Who is often regarded as the father of psychometrics?
 A) Alfred Binet
 B) Sigmund Freud
 C) Francis Galton
 D) Wilhelm Wundt
 Correct Answer: C

Group tests during World War I were crucial because they:
 A) Allowed for individualized administration
 B) Enabled rapid assessment of many individuals
 C) Eliminated the need for standardization
 D) Focused solely on non-verbal skills
 Correct Answer: B

Spearman’s main contribution to intelligence theory was his identification of:
 A) Multiple intelligences
 B) A general intelligence factor (“g”)
 C) Emotional intelligence
 D) The importance of creativity
 Correct Answer: B

The era characterized by an interest in mental deficiency primarily focused on:
 A) Chinese Influence
 B) Early Experimental Psychology
 C) Identifying subnormal individuals
 D) Individual Differences
 Correct Answer: C

The rise of modern psychological testing was made possible by the convergence of:
 A) Laboratory methods, statistical techniques, and theoretical advances
 B) Laboratory methods alone
 C) Clinical therapy innovations
 D) Purely technological advances
 Correct Answer: A

The Army Beta test was developed to:
 A) Assess reading skills exclusively
 B) Provide a testing alternative for individuals who could not read
 C) Evaluate physical fitness
 D) Measure personality traits
 Correct Answer: B

A major feature of psychological tests is their reliance on standardized procedures, which ensures:
 A) Subjective scoring
 B) Consistency across examiners and settings
 C) Customization for each test taker
 D) Flexible interpretation
 Correct Answer: B

Integrating multiple data sources in psychological assessment primarily serves to:
 A) Focus solely on numerical test scores
 B) Develop a comprehensive view of an individual’s functioning
 C) Simplify decision making by ignoring context
 D) Rely only on behavioral observations
 Correct Answer: B

In testing, the “behavior sample” is:
 A) The entire personality profile
 B) A representative portion of observed behavior during the test
 C) The list of test questions
 D) The scoring criteria
 Correct Answer: B

In educational settings, psychological tests are used primarily to:
 A) Deliver definitive diagnoses
 B) Assess student achievement and identify learning needs
 C) Replace teacher evaluations
 D) Measure only physical abilities
 Correct Answer: B

In clinical practice, psychological tests are mainly used to:
 A) Confirm initial impressions without additional data
 B) Aid in diagnosis and treatment planning
 C) Evaluate job performance
 D) Determine school placement exclusively
 Correct Answer: B

In personnel testing, aptitude tests are designed to:
 A) Measure general intelligence only
 B) Match individuals to jobs that best suit their abilities
 C) Diagnose mental health issues
 D) Provide counseling only
 Correct Answer: B

A key benefit of standardized achievement tests is that they:
 A) Eliminate the need for teacher evaluations
 B) Offer a consistent measure of student performance across contexts
 C) Serve only for diagnostic purposes
 D) Assess emotional intelligence
 Correct Answer: B

“Scaling” in psychological testing refers to:
 A) Creating a test blueprint
 B) Arranging items by difficulty or intensity
 C) Administering the test
 D) Analyzing test scores
 Correct Answer: B

In legal contexts, psychological tests help inform decisions by:
 A) Solely diagnosing mental illness
 B) Providing objective data on behavior and capabilities
 C) Replacing expert testimony
 D) Assessing academic skills only
 Correct Answer: B

In testing, a “battery” is best described as:
 A) A single test with many items
 B) A collection of tests administered together to assess various facets
 C) A score multiplied by a constant
 D) A sequential series of tests given over several years
 Correct Answer: B

“Normative data” in psychological testing are used to:
 A) Predict behavior with certainty
 B) Provide benchmarks from a representative sample for score interpretation
 C) Reflect the test administrator’s opinions
 D) Apply only to clinical populations
 Correct Answer: B

Projective tests are based on the idea that:
 A) Test-takers give structured, direct responses
 B) Ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying personality dynamics
 C) Responses can be easily manipulated
 D) Only factual information is obtained
 Correct Answer: B

A situation in which psychological testing is critical is when:
 A) Assessing only mathematical skills
 B) Determining job suitability based on cognitive and behavioral data
 C) Engaging in casual conversation
 D) Evaluating physical health without psychological factors
 Correct Answer: B

The primary role of the test administrator is to:
 A) Interpret results without guidelines
 B) Ensure standardized test administration
 C) Create items on the spot
 D) Adjust difficulty based on background
 Correct Answer: B

Integrating multiple data sources in assessment minimizes the impact of:
 A) A single test score bias
 B) Environmental distractions
 C) The need for reliability
 D) Standardized scoring protocols
 Correct Answer: A

A test using norms from a similar group allows for:
 A) Direct comparison of an individual’s performance to the normative sample
 B) Isolating the individual with no reference
 C) A universal score without context
 D) Diagnosis of physical illnesses
 Correct Answer: A

Which is NOT a typical data source in psychological assessment?
 A) Behavioral observation
 B) Case history
 C) Portfolio review
 D) Random guessing
 Correct Answer: D

The interquartile range (IQR) represents:
 A) The difference between the highest and lowest scores
 B) The range covering the middle 50% of a distribution
 C) The average score
 D) The overall variability of scores over time
 Correct Answer: B

The standard deviation informs us about:
 A) Central tendency only
 B) The degree of spread around the mean
 C) The maximum possible score
 D) The median value exclusively
 Correct Answer: B

A ratio scale is characterized by:
 A) Equal intervals without a true zero
 B) A true zero point allowing meaningful ratios
 C) Categorical data only
 D) The inability to perform arithmetic operations
 Correct Answer: B

A nominal scale is best defined as one where:
 A) Numbers serve as labels without inherent order
 B) There is a true zero point
 C) Items are ranked in order
 D) Intervals between numbers are equal
 Correct Answer: A

Ordinal scales provide information about:
 A) Exact differences between measurements
 B) The rank order of items without indicating magnitude
 C) Absolute numerical values
 D) Ratios between measurements
 Correct Answer: B

An interval scale differs from a ratio scale because it:
 A) Has a true zero point
 B) Allows for multiplication and division
 C) Lacks a true zero, rendering ratios meaningless
 D) Is used only for categorical data
 Correct Answer: C

Which is an example of a ratio scale?
 A) Temperature in Celsius
 B) Standardized test scores
 C) Weight in kilograms
 D) Likert-scale responses
 Correct Answer: C

The mean is most affected by:
 A) Outliers or extreme scores
 B) The median
 C) The mode
 D) The interquartile range
 Correct Answer: A

Descriptive statistics are used to:
 A) Predict future behavior
 B) Summarize characteristics of a data set
 C) Infer population values from samples
 D) Determine causality
 Correct Answer: B

Inferential statistics allow researchers to:
 A) Organize raw data into frequency distributions
 B) Draw conclusions about a population based on sample data
 C) Calculate only the mode
 D) Avoid probability theory
 Correct Answer: B

The variance of a set of scores is:
 A) The square root of the standard deviation
 B) The average of the squared differences from the mean
 C) The difference between the highest and lowest scores
 D) The median of the data set
 Correct Answer: B

Which measure is an indicator of central tendency?
 A) Standard deviation
 B) Variance
 C) Mode
 D) Range
 Correct Answer: C

The range is calculated by:
 A) Adding the highest and lowest scores
 B) Dividing the sum of scores by the number of scores
 C) Subtracting the lowest score from the highest score
 D) Multiplying the highest score by the lowest score
 Correct Answer: C

A frequency distribution is useful because it:
 A) Provides detailed individual data points
 B) Organizes data into groups to reveal patterns
 C) Eliminates the need for graphs
 D) Works only with qualitative data
 Correct Answer: B

Which graph is most appropriate for displaying categorical data?
 A) Histogram
 B) Pie chart
 C) Frequency polygon
 D) Scatter plot
 Correct Answer: B

A histogram is best used for:
 A) Displaying nominal data
 B) Representing the distribution of continuous data
 C) Showing relationships between two variables
 D) Summarizing qualitative information
 Correct Answer: B

“Central tendency” refers to:
 A) The spread of scores
 B) The most typical or common score
 C) Extreme values only
 D) Variability in data
 Correct Answer: B

For ordinal data, the most appropriate measure of central tendency is the:
 A) Mean
 B) Median
 C) Mode
 D) Standard deviation
 Correct Answer: B

In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, the mean, median, and mode are:
 A) All different
 B) All equal
 C) Unrelated
 D) Always increasing
 Correct Answer: B

Spearman’s rho (rs) is used to assess:
 A) The relationship between two continuous variables
 B) The correlation between ranked (ordinal) variables
 C) The mean of a data set
 D) Standard deviation
 Correct Answer: B

“Measurement error” in psychological testing refers to:
 A) Perfect accuracy
 B) Variability in scores due to extraneous factors
 C) The range of scores
 D) Intentional score manipulation
 Correct Answer: B

In testing, reliability is defined as:
 A) Consistency of scores over repeated administrations
 B) The test’s validity
 C) Ease of scoring
 D) Diversity of test content
 Correct Answer: A

Validity in psychological testing means the test:
 A) Produces consistent results
 B) Measures what it is intended to measure
 C) Is short in length
 D) Is administered quickly
 Correct Answer: A

A school psychologist reviewing standardized test results finds that the scores are similar across administrations. This is evidence of the test’s:
 A) Reliability
 B) Validity
 C) Standardization
 D) Norm-referencing
 Correct Answer: A

In a clinical setting, when a psychologist combines test scores, interviews, and behavioral observations, they are conducting a:
 A) Sole reliance on testing
 B) Comprehensive psychological assessment
 C) Group testing procedure
 D) Projective evaluation
 Correct Answer: B

A human resources manager uses a battery of tests to choose the best candidate for a job. This is an example of:
 A) Educational testing
 B) Personnel testing
 C) Clinical assessment
 D) Neuropsychological evaluation
 Correct Answer: B

A “norm-referenced” test is one that:
 A) Compares an individual’s score to a predetermined norm
 B) Does not use standardized scoring
 C) Is based on subjective interpretation
 D) Is used only for research
 Correct Answer: A

A noisy testing environment is likely to affect a test’s:
 A) Reliability only
 B) Validity only
 C) Both reliability and validity
 D) Neither reliability nor validity
 Correct Answer: C

Researchers conduct a pilot study when developing a new intelligence test to:
 A) Increase the number of test-takers
 B) Refine test items so they clearly measure intended constructs
 C) Compare scores across populations
 D) Eliminate the need for normative data
 Correct Answer: B

A counselor uses a personality inventory to help a client understand their behavior. This inventory is best classified as:
 A) An achievement test
 B) A personality inventory
 C) A neuropsychological test
 D) An aptitude test
 Correct Answer: B

A researcher studying the effects of sleep administers the same cognitive test under different conditions. They are interested in the test’s:
 A) Reliability
 B) Sensitivity to performance changes
 C) Normative data
 D) Standardization procedures
 Correct Answer: B

If a test has high construct validity, it means that:
 A) It produces consistent results over time
 B) It accurately measures the theoretical construct it is intended to assess
 C) It has been standardized on a large sample
 D) It is easy to administer
 Correct Answer: B

A psychologist uses pre- and post-test scores to evaluate the effectiveness of a new therapy. This method is an example of:
 A) Cross-sectional assessment
 B) Longitudinal assessment
 C) Normative assessment
 D) Descriptive statistics
 Correct Answer: B

A student scoring in the 85th percentile on an aptitude test indicates that they:
 A) Scored 85% of the total possible points
 B) Performed better than 85% of the normative sample
 C) Are in the top 15% of scores
 D) Both B and C
 Correct Answer: D

When a test item is said to have high discrimination, it means that it:
 A) Is very difficult for everyone
 B) Effectively differentiates between high and low performers
 C) Is very easy for everyone
 D) Has a low correlation with the total score
 Correct Answer: B

A test that does not measure what it purports to measure exhibits poor:
 A) Reliability
 B) Validity
 C) Standardization
 D) Norm-referencing
 Correct Answer: B

A clinician supplements test data with case history and behavioral observation to:
 A) Increase objectivity
 B) Gain a comprehensive understanding of the client
 C) Reduce testing time
 D) Replace standardized tests entirely
 Correct Answer: B

Which practice is most likely to reduce measurement error in a psychological test?
 A) Varying administration procedures
 B) Strict adherence to standardized protocols
 C) Allowing test-takers to choose the environment
 D) Using non-standardized scoring
 Correct Answer: B

When a test is used to predict future job performance, it is serving a:
 A) Diagnostic function
 B) Predictive function
 C) Descriptive function
 D) Therapeutic function
 Correct Answer: B

If test scores are highly skewed, this may indicate:
 A) A perfectly normal distribution
 B) The presence of outliers or measurement issues
 C) High reliability
 D) An overly large normative sample
 Correct Answer: B

To gauge the consistency of scores across multiple administrations, one should examine the:
 A) Mean
 B) Standard deviation
 C) Reliability coefficient
 D) Variance
 Correct Answer: C

Item analysis in test construction is used to:
 A) Determine overall test reliability
 B) Evaluate individual test items for how well they distinguish between high and low scorers
 C) Develop the test manual
 D) Establish the normative sample
 Correct Answer: B

A well-constructed multiple choice question should have:
 A) One best answer with clear, unambiguous options
 B) Multiple equally correct answers
 C) Options that are all obviously incorrect
 D) No correct answer
 Correct Answer: A

A school counselor is evaluating a student who has been struggling academically. To quickly decide if a full evaluation is needed, the counselor uses a brief test procedure. This initial step is an example of a:
 A) Diagnostic assessment
 B) Screening assessment
 C) Progress evaluation assessment
 D) Problem‐solving assessment
 Correct Answer: B

A clinical psychologist gathers test scores, conducts an interview, and reviews the client’s case history. This comprehensive integration of data best illustrates:
 A) Psychological testing
 B) Psychological assessment
 C) Standardized evaluation
 D) Norm‐referenced testing
 Correct Answer: B

During a group testing session, ambient noise distracts test-takers and causes inconsistent responses. This situation primarily compromises the test’s:
 A) Validity
 B) Standardization
 C) Normative comparison
 D) Scoring objectivity
 Correct Answer: B

A human resources manager uses a battery of tests—including cognitive ability and situational judgment measures—to select candidates for a specialized job. This procedure exemplifies:
 A) Educational testing
 B) Clinical assessment
 C) Personnel testing
 D) Achievement testing
 Correct Answer: C

A researcher develops a new intelligence test and collects data from a large, representative group to establish benchmarks. The primary purpose of this normative sample is to:
 A) Increase test difficulty
 B) Provide a benchmark for interpreting individual scores
 C) Eliminate variability in responses
 D) Adjust scores for cultural differences
 Correct Answer: B

An examiner deviates from the standardized instructions by offering extra explanations. This deviation most likely affects the test’s:
 A) Content validity
 B) Standardization
 C) Internal consistency
 D) Construct validity
 Correct Answer: B

A test administered twice to the same individuals yields widely different scores. This outcome suggests:
 A) High construct validity
 B) Poor test–retest reliability
 C) Excellent internal consistency
 D) Strong standardization
 Correct Answer: B

A school psychologist uses inferential statistics to generalize findings from a sample’s cognitive test scores to the entire student population. This method relies on:
 A) Descriptive statistics
 B) Inferential statistics
 C) Nominal measurement
 D) Ratio analysis
 Correct Answer: B

A client’s responses on a personality inventory do not match the clinician’s observations. This discrepancy raises concerns about the test’s:
 A) Standardization
 B) Criterion‐related validity
 C) Construct validity
 D) Reliability
 Correct Answer: C

In a group test, some participants perform exceptionally well due to the competitive atmosphere. This influence is an example of:
 A) Testing bias
 B) The Hawthorne effect
 C) Situational influence on performance
 D) Normative adjustment
 Correct Answer: C

A test exhibits a high standard deviation in its scores. This finding indicates:
 A) Consistent performance across test-takers
 B) High variability among test-taker performances
 C) Minimal measurement error
 D) Uniformity in responses
 Correct Answer: B

A clinician uses the Rorschach inkblot test to probe a client’s unconscious processes. One advantage of this projective technique is that it:
 A) Yields strictly quantifiable responses
 B) Elicits responses that reveal underlying personality dynamics
 C) Is unaffected by test-taker motivation
 D) Provides a definitive diagnosis
 Correct Answer: B

A test item that fails to distinguish between high and low performers is said to have:
 A) High difficulty
 B) Low discrimination
 C) High reliability
 D) Strong validity
 Correct Answer: B

A bilingual individual takes a test developed only in English, with no proper translation. This oversight primarily undermines the test’s:
 A) Reliability
 B) Construct validity
 C) Standardization
 D) Norm‐referencing
 Correct Answer: B

During an evaluation, an administrator unintentionally influences a client’s responses through subtle cues. This situation is an example of:
 A) Test bias
 B) Normative comparison error
 C) Scoring inconsistency
 D) Item difficulty miscalculation
 Correct Answer: A

When a clinician integrates test scores, interviews, and case histories to form a complete picture of a client’s functioning, the process is best described as:
 A) Sole reliance on testing
 B) A multimethod assessment
 C) Standardized testing
 D) Group assessment
 Correct Answer: B

A test exhibiting high internal consistency shows that its items are:
 A) Measuring different constructs
 B) All assessing the same underlying attribute
 C) Administered in varied conditions
 D) Unrelated in content
 Correct Answer: B

A new cognitive test correlates strongly with an established intelligence measure. This high correlation provides evidence of the test’s:
 A) Face validity
 B) Criterion‐related validity
 C) Content validity
 D) Test length adequacy
 Correct Answer: B

Unexpected interruptions during testing introduce extra variability in scores. This variability is an example of:
 A) Construct validity
 B) Measurement error
 C) Standardization consistency
 D) Normative accuracy
 Correct Answer: B

Inconsistent delivery of test instructions across administrations most likely results in:
 A) Enhanced reliability
 B) Compromised standardization
 C) Increased internal consistency
 D) Improved construct validity
 Correct Answer: B

In a sample with a restricted range of scores (most scores clustered around the mean), the correlation between variables may be:
 A) Overestimated
 B) Unaffected by range restrictions
 C) Underestimated
 D) Perfectly accurate
 Correct Answer: C

A personnel test employs empirical criterion keying to select items that best distinguish between successful and unsuccessful employees. This method primarily enhances the test’s:
 A) Content validity
 B) Discriminant validity
 C) Predictive validity
 D) Test–retest reliability
 Correct Answer: C

In intelligence research, the concept of a general intelligence factor (“g”) is derived from:
 A) Group testing methods
 B) Factor analysis
 C) Projective testing techniques
 D) Normative sampling procedures
 Correct Answer: B

A psychologist combines test results with interview data to validate a client’s self-reported experiences. This process is an example of:
 A) Data triangulation
 B) Sole reliance on objective tests
 C) Standardized measurement only
 D) Norm-referenced evaluation
 Correct Answer: A

To shorten a test, some items are removed. As a result, the test may no longer cover the full range of the construct, thereby reducing its:
 A) Reliability
 B) Standardization
 C) Content validity
 D) Norm‐referencing accuracy
 Correct Answer: C

A multiple‐choice question is constructed so that all distractors appear plausible, but only one option is clearly the best answer. This design ensures that the question effectively:
 A) Increases overall test difficulty
 B) Discriminates between knowledgeable and less knowledgeable test-takers
 C) Simplifies scoring
 D) Favors one demographic group
 Correct Answer: B

In a repeated measures study, if test scores fluctuate widely between administrations, this indicates:
 A) High test–retest reliability
 B) Low test–retest reliability
 C) High internal consistency
 D) Excellent standardization
 Correct Answer: B

A student unexpectedly scores much higher on an achievement test than indicated by classroom performance. This discrepancy might be due to:
 A) High reliability of the test
 B) Variations in test-taking motivation or environmental factors
 C) Perfect construct validity
 D) An error-free testing setting
 Correct Answer: B

When test instructions are ambiguous and interpreted differently by each test-taker, the process of:
 A) Standardization is compromised
 B) Item scaling is enhanced
 C) Norm-referencing is improved
 D) Discrimination analysis becomes unnecessary
 Correct Answer: A

A psychologist uses norms that do not reflect the cultural background of the test-taker. This mismatch most likely affects the test’s:
 A) Reliability
 B) Fairness and validity
 C) Standardization
 D) Internal consistency
 Correct Answer: B

When numbers in a measurement are used simply as labels (e.g., numbering categories), the scale is:
 A) Nominal
 B) Ordinal
 C) Interval
 D) Ratio
 Correct Answer: A

A test that ranks individuals (first, second, third, etc.) but does not indicate the size of differences uses an:
 A) Nominal scale
 B) Ordinal scale
 C) Interval scale
 D) Ratio scale
 Correct Answer: B

A psychological test where the intervals between numbers are equal but there is no absolute zero is an example of an:
 A) Nominal scale
 B) Ordinal scale
 C) Interval scale
 D) Ratio scale
 Correct Answer: C

Measuring a person’s weight in kilograms uses which type of measurement scale?
 A) Nominal
 B) Ordinal
 C) Interval
 D) Ratio
 Correct Answer: D

In test construction, determining how many test-takers answer an item correctly is a measure of:
 A) Item discrimination
 B) Item difficulty
 C) Internal consistency
 D) Norm-referencing
 Correct Answer: B

When a test covers all topics that it is intended to measure, it is said to have strong:
 A) Content validity
 B) Criterion-related validity
 C) Test–retest reliability
 D) Standardization
 Correct Answer: A

Administering a test in a noisy, disruptive environment primarily undermines:
 A) Standardization procedures
 B) Construct validity
 C) Scoring objectivity
 D) Normative comparisons
 Correct Answer: A

An examiner who follows a strict, scripted procedure during test administration helps to ensure high:
 A) Internal consistency
 B) Reliability
 C) Content validity
 D) Predictive validity
 Correct Answer: B

A new test shows a strong positive correlation with another established measure of the same construct. This is evidence of:
 A) Convergent validity
 B) Discriminant validity
 C) Internal consistency
 D) Test–retest reliability
 Correct Answer: A

If a test does not adequately distinguish between theoretically different constructs, it suffers from poor:
 A) Convergent validity
 B) Discriminant validity
 C) Internal consistency
 D) Norm-referencing
 Correct Answer: B

A battery of tests used in career counseling is designed to classify, describe, and predict an individual’s vocational interests. This multipurpose approach best demonstrates the:
 A) Diagnostic function of testing
 B) Multipurpose nature of psychological assessment
 C) Limitation of standardized testing
 D) Reliance solely on test scores
 Correct Answer: B

In a progress evaluation assessment, repeated test scores are compared over time to determine:
 A) Baseline performance only
 B) Changes in abilities or skills
 C) Normative differences among groups
 D) The effect of test bias
 Correct Answer: B

When cultural factors are ignored during test development, the resulting test may have compromised:
 A) Reliability
 B) Standardization
 C) Construct validity
 D) Predictive validity
 Correct Answer: C

A test-taker’s performance drops due to distracting environmental noise. This situation most directly impacts the test’s:
 A) Reliability
 B) Norm-referencing
 C) Internal consistency
 D) Standardization process
 Correct Answer: D

In educational settings, if a student scores significantly below the norm on a standardized test, the school is likely to recommend:
 A) Advanced placement
 B) Remedial instruction
 C) Career counseling
 D) Vocational testing
 Correct Answer: B

A psychological test uses items arranged in increasing order of difficulty. This arrangement reflects the process of:
 A) Norm-referencing
 B) Scaling
 C) Standardization
 D) Discrimination analysis
 Correct Answer: B

A company incorporates situational judgment tests into its employee selection process to assess:
 A) Technical knowledge only
 B) Practical decision-making in work-related scenarios
 C) General cognitive ability only
 D) Personality traits without context
 Correct Answer: B

A test in which many items do not correlate well with the overall score likely suffers from:
 A) Poor internal consistency
 B) Low test–retest reliability
 C) Inadequate normative sampling
 D) Faulty item scaling
 Correct Answer: A

A comprehensive assessment that merges objective test data with subjective clinical observations is most likely to yield:
 A) A fragmented understanding of the individual
 B) A holistic picture of the individual’s functioning
 C) Conflicting, irreconcilable data
 D) Data that are too complex to interpret
 Correct Answer: B

A test combining multiple-choice items with open-ended questions is designed to:
 A) Increase test length unnecessarily
 B) Enhance assessment depth by capturing both quantitative and qualitative information
 C) Confuse test-takers by mixing formats
 D) Focus solely on memorization
 Correct Answer: B

A psychologist administers a standardized test without first explaining its purpose or obtaining the client’s written consent. This action violates the ethical principle of:
 A) Confidentiality
 B) Informed consent
 C) Competence
 D) Fairness
 Correct Answer: B

Altering standardized instructions to save time during test administration undermines:
 A) Test validity
 B) Test reliability
 C) Standardization
 D) Cultural sensitivity
 Correct Answer: C

Using a test normed on a different population without cultural adjustments can lead to:
 A) Enhanced reliability
 B) Cultural bias
 C) Improved test standardization
 D) Higher test scores
 Correct Answer: B

Sharing a client’s test results with family members without the client’s permission is a breach of:
 A) Informed consent
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Objectivity
 D) Competence
 Correct Answer: B

Interpreting a test using outdated normative data is unethical because it may compromise:
 A) Test reliability
 B) Fair testing practices
 C) Test standardization
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: B

A psychologist uses a specialized intelligence test for which they have not received proper training. This practice violates the guideline on:
 A) Informed consent
 B) Test administration
 C) Test user qualifications
 D) Confidentiality
 Correct Answer: C

Deliberately designing test items with ambiguous wording to sway responses for profit is unethical due to:
 A) Manipulation of test content
 B) Poor standardization
 C) Increased reliability
 D) Enhanced cultural fairness
 Correct Answer: A

When test scores are used to make high‐stakes decisions without a comprehensive interpretation process, it undermines:
 A) Fairness and accuracy
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Informed consent
 D) Standardization procedures
 Correct Answer: A

An employer pressures a psychologist to use test results for purposes beyond the test’s intended scope. This breach of ethical guidelines primarily violates:
 A) Professional integrity
 B) Informed consent
 C) Confidentiality
 D) Standardized procedures
 Correct Answer: A

To avoid biased interpretations, a psychologist must consider cultural, social, and linguistic factors when analyzing test results. Failure to do so may lead to:
 A) Enhanced objectivity
 B) Cultural bias
 C) Improved reliability
 D) More efficient testing
 Correct Answer: B

Administering a test to individuals outside the age range for which it was designed—without proper adjustments—violates guidelines regarding:
 A) Test reliability
 B) Normative appropriateness
 C) Informed consent
 D) Standardization
 Correct Answer: B

Altering scoring procedures on the fly to benefit a client breaches ethical standards by compromising:
 A) Objectivity and fairness
 B) Cultural sensitivity
 C) Norm-referencing
 D) Data integration
 Correct Answer: A

Clearly explaining the limitations of a test to a client is an example of adhering to the guideline on:
 A) Confidentiality
 B) Transparency
 C) Standardization
 D) Test user qualifications
 Correct Answer: B

When test results have significant implications for treatment, ethical guidelines require that they be interpreted only by professionals who are:
 A) Familiar with the test’s limitations
 B) Not bound by standardization
 C) Unaffected by external opinions
 D) Using solely raw scores
 Correct Answer: A

Advertising a psychological test without providing empirical evidence of its reliability and validity breaches ethical standards concerning:
 A) Scientific integrity
 B) Test security
 C) Confidentiality
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: A

In a multicultural context, failing to adapt test materials appropriately can lead to inaccurate interpretations—highlighting the importance of:
 A) Uniform test procedures
 B) Cultural fairness
 C) Enhanced reliability
 D) Simplified scoring
 Correct Answer: B

Not discussing a test’s limitations during feedback can result in misinterpretation. This practice undermines the ethical principle of:
 A) Transparency
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Objectivity
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: A

Ethical guidelines require that test findings be communicated in a manner that is:
 A) Accessible and comprehensible
 B) Highly technical and jargon-laden
 C) Limited to numerical data only
 D) Shared exclusively in written reports
 Correct Answer: A

Continuing to use an outdated version of a test manual despite updated ethical guidelines is a violation of:
 A) Professional competence
 B) Test reliability
 C) Standardization procedures
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: A

Administering a test in a noisy, distracting environment most directly affects the test’s:
 A) Validity
 B) Normative data
 C) Standardization
 D) Informed consent process
 Correct Answer: A

Intentionally misinterpreting test data to confirm a preconceived diagnosis violates the ethical principle of:
 A) Objectivity
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Informed consent
 D) Competence
 Correct Answer: A

When combining test scores with interview and behavioral data, ethical practice requires that interpretations be:
 A) Based solely on numerical scores
 B) Integrated from multiple data sources
 C) Left to the client to interpret
 D) Unquestioned once standardized
 Correct Answer: B

Maintaining appropriate boundaries and avoiding personal relationships with test-takers is crucial to prevent:
 A) Conflicts of interest
 B) Data misinterpretation
 C) Standardization errors
 D) Reliability issues
 Correct Answer: A

Refusing to disclose a client’s test results to unauthorized individuals—even under external pressure—is an example of upholding:
 A) Competence
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Objectivity
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: B

Ignoring a test manual’s specified target population by using the test with an unsuitable group violates:
 A) Normative appropriateness
 B) Test reliability
 C) Informed consent
 D) Confidentiality
 Correct Answer: A

Informing test-takers about the purpose, procedure, and potential outcomes of an assessment is essential for obtaining:
 A) Standardized data
 B) Informed consent
 C) Objectivity
 D) Higher test scores
 Correct Answer: B

In research settings, ensuring that participants understand their rights and the study’s purpose is achieved through:
 A) Verbal assurances only
 B) Informed consent and clear communication
 C) Relying on standardized instructions
 D) Omitting details to prevent bias
 Correct Answer: B

If external factors (e.g., interruptions) are suspected to have compromised testing conditions, the psychologist should:
 A) Disregard the irregularities
 B) Document the incident in the report
 C) Immediately re-administer the test without explanation
 D) Adjust the scores upward
 Correct Answer: B

Including personal opinions unsupported by test data in a report violates the ethical guideline of:
 A) Objectivity
 B) Confidentiality
 C) Competence
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: A

Providing feedback to a client in a respectful, clear, and sensitive manner demonstrates adherence to ethical principles concerning:
 A) Standardization
 B) Client dignity and confidentiality
 C) Normative comparisons
 D) Test user qualifications
 Correct Answer: B

When test results conflict with client self-reports, an ethical psychologist will:
 A) Ignore the discrepancy
 B) Integrate all available data and discuss possible reasons with the client
 C) Rely solely on the test data
 D) Discard the self-report as unreliable
 Correct Answer: B

In cases where test outcomes might have legal ramifications, the psychologist must balance confidentiality with:
 A) Complete openness
 B) Legal and ethical disclosure standards
 C) Immediate public disclosure
 D) Selective sharing without consent
 Correct Answer: B

For employment screening, using a test that has been validated for the specific job context is essential to ensure:
 A) Informed consent
 B) Fair and legally defensible selection
 C) Standardization only
 D) Rapid hiring decisions
 Correct Answer: B

A psychologist who learns that a test manual has been updated must:
 A) Continue using the old manual
 B) Update practices to align with the new ethical guidelines
 C) Disregard the new version as optional
 D) Use both versions interchangeably
 Correct Answer: B

Documenting any deviations or unexpected occurrences during test administration is important for:
 A) Enhancing test length
 B) Maintaining an accurate record and ensuring accountability
 C) Concealing errors from the client
 D) Reducing the need for informed consent
 Correct Answer: B

When a client expresses discomfort during testing, ethical guidelines require the psychologist to:
 A) Continue without interruption
 B) Assess and, if possible, modify the environment or procedure
 C) Ignore the client’s concerns
 D) Terminate the test immediately without discussion
 Correct Answer: B

Administering a test known to have cultural biases without modifications may cause:
 A) Accurate assessment for all groups
 B) Inaccurate interpretations and potential harm
 C) Increased test reliability
 D) Better normative data
 Correct Answer: B

Self-awareness of one’s own biases is essential for ethical test interpretation. This principle falls under:
 A) Objectivity and professional competence
 B) Informed consent
 C) Test security
 D) Standardization
 Correct Answer: A

Ethical communication of test results involves presenting findings in language that is:
 A) Highly technical and dense
 B) Clear, comprehensible, and sensitive to the client’s context
 C) Vague to avoid misunderstandings
 D) Solely numerical
 Correct Answer: B

When a psychologist discovers a colleague using a test in an unethical manner, the most appropriate initial action is to:
 A) Confront the colleague privately to discuss concerns
 B) Immediately report the behavior to professional authorities
 C) Ignore the behavior
 D) Publicly criticize the colleague
 Correct Answer: A

If a client requests access to their test data, ethical guidelines require the psychologist to:
 A) Refuse without explanation
 B) Provide access while safeguarding any third-party confidential information
 C) Publish the data online
 D) Alter the data before sharing
 Correct Answer: B

The ethical principle of “do no harm” in psychological testing means that:
 A) Tests should never cause any discomfort
 B) Procedures should minimize potential psychological distress
 C) Test scores should be withheld to protect the client
 D) Only positive feedback is allowed
 Correct Answer: B

When faced with conflicting data from tests and clinical interviews, an ethical psychologist should:
 A) Rely solely on the test results
 B) Integrate all data sources and discuss discrepancies with the client
 C) Disregard the clinical observations
 D) Base conclusions on personal intuition only
 Correct Answer: B

Providing an unbiased interpretation of test data is essential to uphold the ethical principle of:
 A) Confidentiality
 B) Objectivity
 C) Standardization
 D) Informed consent
 Correct Answer: B

A reputable test publisher ensures that the test manual includes detailed information on:
 A) Administration, scoring, interpretation, and limitations
 B) Only the scoring procedures
 C) Marketing strategies
 D) Historical development of the test
 Correct Answer: A

Engaging in a dual relationship (e.g., testing a close friend) is generally considered unethical because it can compromise:
 A) Test standardization
 B) Objectivity and confidentiality
 C) Normative comparisons
 D) Test length
 Correct Answer: B

When test findings indicate a potential risk of harm to the client or others, ethical guidelines require that the psychologist:
 A) Ignore the findings to protect confidentiality
 B) Take appropriate action in line with legal and ethical standards
 C) Alter the test data to avoid alarm
 D) Disclose all information publicly
 Correct Answer: B

Any modifications to standard test procedures must be:
 A) Made without documentation
 B) Documented and justified in the test report
 C) Hidden from the client
 D) Applied only if convenient
 Correct Answer: B

When an employer requests access to a client’s test results without consent, an ethical psychologist should:
 A) Comply immediately
 B) Refuse and explain the obligations to maintain confidentiality
 C) Provide only partial information
 D) Delay the response indefinitely
 Correct Answer: B

In research involving psychological tests, ensuring that participants are fully informed about the study and their rights is achieved through:
 A) Standardized testing procedures only
 B) Informed consent and adherence to ethical research standards
 C) Minimal disclosure to avoid bias
 D) Sole reliance on confidentiality agreements
 Correct Answer: B