research video 5

Types of Research Design

• Used when independent variable cannot be manipulated.

1. Descriptive Designs

• Focuses on describing behavior, rather than manipulation.

  • Types of Descriptive Research:

    • Case Studies:

      • In-depth study of one person or small group.

      • Used to explore complex behaviors, test new ideas, or investigate rare disorders.

      • Example: Prosopagnosia study – inability to recognize faces.

      • Disadvantages:

        • Small sample size.

        • Researcher bias.

        • Atypical cases.

    • Naturalistic Observation:

      • In-depth study in natural settings (e.g. primate behavior studies).

      • Example: Jane Goodall's observations of chimpanzees.

      • Advantages: Good generalizability to broader populations.

      • Disadvantages: Can't manipulate behavior or establish cause-effect relationships.

    • Survey Research:

      • Collects data on attitudes and beliefs using questionnaires or interviews.

      • Online and paper formats are common.

      • Disadvantages:

        • Sampling issues (randomness and engagement).

        • Potential for inaccurate responses (social desirability bias).

2. Correlational Designs

• Used when variables cannot be manipulated; identifies relationships.

  • Correlation Coefficient (r) indicates strength and direction of association.

  • Types of Correlation:

    • Positive Correlation: Both variables increase together (e.g., study hours and exam performance).

    • Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other decreases (e.g., shyness and number of friends).

  • Important Note: Correlation does not imply causation.

Summary

• Experimental and descriptive methods answer different research questions; neither is inherently superior.

• Research design choice depends on the specific question being asked.