Vocab

• Hyphae
  • Single strand of mycelium
• Mycelium
  • Vegetative part of the fungus
• Saprobe
  • Absorbs nutrients from dead organic matter
• Mutalisits
  • Live in intimate association switch other organisms that benefit both partners
• Septate hyphae
  • Hyphae subdivided by incomplete walls
• Septa
  • Incomplete cell walls
• Coenocytic
  • No septa, many nuclei: from mitosis w/o cytokinesis
• Lignin
  • In cell walls of plant cells
• Chytrid fungus
  • Only aquatic fungus, don’t produce mycelium
• Haustoria
  • Branching projections that push through cell walls
• Lichens
  • Associations of a fungus with a unicellular green alga, cyanobacteria
• Mycorrhizae
  • Associations of fungi and plant roots
• Ectomycorrhizae
  • Do not penetrate the cells
• Endomycorrhizae
  • Do penetrate cells
• Arbuscule
  • Branches of endomycorrhizae
• Plasmogamy
  • Two cells coming together and fusing their cytoplasm
• Dikaryotic
  • n+n , cell membrane disappears
• Karyogamy
  • Fusion of nuclei
• Sporangiophore
  • Stalk that holds the sporangium, haploid
• Ploidy
  • the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
• Ascospores
  • Haploid spores in ascomycota
• Asci
  • Sacs that hold ascospores

Info

• How do they eat?
  • Absorptive heterotrophy
  • Saprobes, parasites, mutualists
  • Fungi can break down cellulose and lignin, keratin
• Evolved from unicellular protist with flagella
  • Flagellum if present is single and posterior
  • Absorptive heterotrophy
  • Chitin in cell walls
• Multicellular fungi
  • Body is a mycelium
  • Cell walls are chitin
  • Mushrooms are fruiting bodies
    • Need a lot of water to grow
  • Majority of growth is unseen, underground
• Advantages to large surface area to volume ratio
  • Excellent for absorptive heterotrophy
  • Absorb a lot of water
• Disadvantages to above
  • Lose water bc so big
• Parasitic fungi
  • Grow only on host
  • Ringworm, athletes foot
  • Chytrid fungus killing those amphibians
• Hyphae can enter through somatic, wounds, epidermal cell walls
  • Produce haustoria
  • goes through the cell wall, pushes inside the cell membrane but does not break it. Like pressing fingers into a balloon. They do not puncture the cell membrane because this would kill the cell, which would be bad bc then they cannot be parasites. from the cell membrane they get nutrients from the plant
• Lichens
  • two organisms. One is the fungus and the other is a cyano or algae. fungus cannot photosynthesize, but the associates can. makes sugars which it shares with the fungus. Fungus provides housing
  • Reproduce through fragmentation
    • break apart off, will sprout somewhere else. the breakage needs to have both a spore and a strand of the other partner
  • Foliose
    • Leaflife
  • fruticose
    • Branch like
  • Crustose
    • Crust like
• Mycorrhizae
  • Mutualistic
  • Glorified root extensions
  • Convert non-bioavailable nutrients
  • Fungus gets sugars and amino acids from the plant
  • Ectomycorrhizae
    • Do not penetrate the cells
    • Fungus wraps around the cells, around the root
    • Increases surface area for absorption of water and minerals
    • Bring nutrients closer
  • Endomycorrhizae
    • Do penetrate cells
    • Forms branched structure inside cell wall but outside plasma membrane
• Asexula reproduction
  • Spores
    • Produced in sporangia
    • Haploid
  • Budding
  • Breakage
• Sexual reproduction
  • Very rare
  • Mating types, no female/male
  • Chytrids are the only group with male and female, flagellated gametes
• Chytrids
  • Aquatic
  • ace/sex
  • Spores and gametes have flagella
  • parasitic/saprobic
• Zygomycota
  • Generic fungi life cycle
  • Zygosporangium forms right after the two sporangia fuse, inside ar the zygospores
  • Diploid nucleus forms during karyogamy
  • What's the ploidy of the zygospores?
    • We can have the zygospores (2n) and the regular spores (n)
  • Live as saprobes, parasites, mutualists
• Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
  • Fungal partners in lichens
  • Dikaryotic stage
  • Yummy mushrooms
  • Produce haploid spores in sacs
    • Ascospores in asci
  • In sac fungi the products of meiosis are borne in a microscopic sac called an ascus. The fleshy fruiting bodies consist of both 2n and n hyphae
  • The ascus starts with 4 ascospores bc of meiosis, but ends up with 8 bc of mitosis
• Molds
  • Ascomycota
  • No fruiting body, only hyphae
  • Crop destroyers
• Aspergillus
  • Ascomycota
  • Used to ferment
    • Sake, soy sauce
• Yeasts
  • ascomycota
  • Single celled, free-living
  • Doesn’t make hyphae/mycelium
  • Budding
  • Fermentation
• Penicillium
  • Ascomycota
  • Antibiotics, cheese
• Basidiomycota (club fungi)
  • Fungal partners in mycorrhizae
  • Dikaryotic stage
  • Plant pathogens
  • Puffballs
  • In club fungi the products of meiosis are borne on the surface of the gills on specialized hyphal tips called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phase can last a long time

• Mitosis can happen in every stage
• Meiosis
  • Cells divide genetic material
  • Only diploid cells can undergo mitosis
• Haploid sporangium will make haploid spores
• Diploid is short lasting in fungi