West Civ 2 Exam 1

1. Renaissance Humanism: - intellectual, cultural pursuit focused on classical antiquity
- sought to benefit human beings and individuals in the here and now -artwork, rhetoric, ethical ideas, literature

2. Petrarch: Father of Renaissance Humanism- wrote Ascent of Mt Ventoux - finds the letters of Cicero and LOVES him and writes letter to him

3. Michelangelo: sculpted sculptures modeled after classical antiquity
- celebration of human figures

- artwork is modeled after religious things/ideas

4. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: "Oration on the Dignity of Man"
- humans are unique compared to all of creation and we gain unity with God through contemplation

5. Machiavelli: "The Prince" (how a ruler should govern)
- desired to gain and retain power, not to rule justly
- can't maintain all virtues and retain authority

6. conflicts between popes and temporal rulers: Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV (France)
- King wanted to tax church property but Boniface said no
- Philip captures Boniface and he dies shortly after

7. Avignon, France: New Papal Court

8. Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy: Popes in exile and legitimate authority slowly gets lost and they look like puppets to the French

9. St. Catherine of Siena: Persuaded Pope Gregory XI to return the papacy to Rome from Avignon

10. Pope Urban VI: gets elected as Pope but wants Italians Cardinals instead of French Cardinals

11. Clement V: French cardinals elect Clement V and he moves to Avignon

12. Council of Pisa: attempt to bring end to the 2 papal lines and results in a 3rd pope
"please-a!"

13. Council of Constance: Martin V was elected as the new pope

14. John Wycliffe: Forerunner to the Reformation
- sola scriptura, no pope, denounces Eucharist, questions legitimacy of religious orders

15. John Hus: burned at the stake at Council of Constance (1415) for his ideas about the Church

16. Martin Luther: German monk and professor at University of Wittenberg who led the Reformation.
- sola fide: saved by faith, not works/good deeds, solely though faith and God's grace

that one is justified
- wrote "95 Thesis": concerned with issue of abusing indulgences
- gets married, Popes are anti-christs, ditches sacraments

17. Johanne Tetzel: sold indulgences

18. Leipzig Debate: Martin Luther vs. John Eck (representative for the Catholic Church). Debated papal authority.

19. Letter to the Christian Nobility: Martin Luther's work about foundational ideas of Protestant Reformation that continued to spread and persist

20. Diet of Worms: attempt to reconcile Luther with Catholicism but he holds to his views "I will follow my conscience."

21. Frederick III of Saxony: Protected Luther for a year in Wartburg Castle and allowed for him to keep on writing

22. Peasant Revolt: a revolt by peasants who demanded freedom from princes and nobles. Princes crushed revolts ending in 70,000-100,000.

23. German Empire: Civil War that allowed certain degree of religious tolerance
- Germans protest and others adhere to Catholicism

24. Peace of Augsburg: A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.
- "Princes get to individually decide whether your princetom follows Luther or Catholicism"

25. Zwingli of Switzerland: takes Luther's ideas further
- iconoclastic
- no Eucharist, purely symbolic
- city-states of Switzerland wanted to be their own entities

26. John Calvin: 1509-1564. French theologian. starts following ideas of Luther
- flees to Geneva and writes "Institutes"
- believes in double predestination

27. Geneva Academy: In 1559, Calvin opened up a Protestant School where they could learn his theology and then go home and teach it

28. French Calvinists/Hughenots: Calvin's theology spreads into France

29. French-Religious Wars: (1559-1598) lots of violence and killing
St. Bartholomew Massacre: wanted to take out Calvinists

30. Edict of Nantes: King Henry IV wrote edict to allow religious toleration within France
- allowed for Hughenots to worship

31. King Henry IV of France: he converted to Catholicism to remain in power and have crown

32. English Reformation: Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce
- King of new dynastic line: Tudor line

33. Henry VIII of England: Tudor king who split the Church of England to divorce himself from Catherine of Aragon since they have no male heir

- wrote "In defense of the 7 Sacraments" and goes against Luther
- falls in love with Anne Bolelyn and Cranmer of Canterbury grants dispensation and they get married in secret.

34. Act of Succession: made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne

35. Act of Supremecy: declares Henry VIII the head of the Church of England
- attempts to root out Catholic resistance through execution, dissolves monasteries in all of England
- reinstitution of hierarchy. He didn't just want to be protestant, he just wanted to be Pope

36. Edward VI (1547-1553): Nine-year old boy king of England. England became more Protestant during his reign. Died at the age of 15.
- under his reign they adopt reformed Calvin theology
- liturgy of the hours was said in vernacular (English)

37. Mary Tudor: daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

38. Queen Elizabeth I: Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England)
- reinstitutes Book of Common Prayer
- clergy started to wear traditional vestments and had crucifixes to appeal to reformers and Catholics
- she targets extremes of both sides and sees them as threats
- she executed Catholics

39. Spanish Armada: The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

40. Anabaptists (rebaptizers): rejected the validity of infant Baptism and baptized adults again
- came from Switzerland and took place in Netherlands
- institute simple form of Church, one that imitated early Apostles, free of political powers, and radically decentralized
- founded on idea that end times were coming and wanted to make the perfect church 41. Munster: Anabaptists took hold of this city, burned all books except the Bible, "New Jerusalem", Jesus' Second Coming; Army of Catholics and Lutherans recap- tured the city and executed leaders
- bodies were displayed in metal cages at the Church

42. Desadarius Erasmus: voice within the Catholic Church that calls for reform before Luther
- great humanist of the North
- illegitimate son of a priest

- wrote "Bretheren of the Common Life" - reform effort for laity
- "In Praise and Folly" - book with his vocalization of problems
- becomes one of Luther's greatest critics

43. Thomas More: chancellor in England and brilliant humanist that loses his head from King Henry VIII

44. Ignatius of Loyola: (1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); pushed for a renewal of the interior life and provided spiritual exercises
- focuses on spiritual retreats, preaching, and local mission work
- established schools, seminaries, and universities to better educate during Catholic reformation

- focused on directly countering protestantism

45. St. Francis Xavier: was a friend of Igantius Loyola and a Jesuit missionary in India and Japan
- did missions in non-Catholic territory

46. St. Teresa of Avila: Reformed monastic life in Carmelite community
- brings new intensity, simplicity, and renewed spirituality
- writes "Interior Castle" - perfect spousal union with Christ

47. St. John of the Cross: wrote "Dark Night of the Soul"

48. St. Angela Merici: Founded the Ursuline nuns to educate young girls
- schools spreaded to France and America

49. St. Charles Borromeo: archbishop of Milan; supported Ursalines
- enters ecclesial hierarchy at 21 because his uncle was pope
- results in seminaries because of reform to have better education for clergy
- embodiment to Catholic reform through a testament of charitable works towards poor and those in need
- works are necessary components of the faith, not just faith!

50. St. Philip Neri: Florentine mystic and received ecstasy; Apostle to Rome
- took care of the poor and sick in Rome
- promoter of Confession and the Eucharist

51. Council of Trent: Called by Pope Paul III to 1) instill church teaching and dogma and 2) address disciplinary issues in Church
- knowledge comes from scripture AND tradition
- role of hierarchy to interpret scripture
- clear teachings on justification, grace, and free-will
- promotes establishments of seminaries, clarification of purgatory, veneration of relics, and appointment of bishops
- sola gratia AND free-will
- faith through works of charity and hope

52. Protestant Reformation: Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.
- 1st biggest reformation of the West; it is now Christian and not Latin and centered on the Papacy

53. early nation states: more centralized form of government
- makes up the fabrics of the west and through expansion, the fabric stretches

54. Ottoman Empire: A Muslim empire based in Turkey that conquered Egypt and North Africa and controlled half of the Mediterranean
- conducted trades in the East with Venetians as middlemen

55. Portuguese: moved to Atlantic and South down western coast of Africa
- sugar cultivations
- taps into precious gold and slave trades

56. Henry the Navigator: (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. 57. Bartholomew Dias (1488): gets Portuguese to sail around the tip of Africa and begin voyage

58. Vasco de Gama: Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea (begins water route)

59. Christopher Columbus: He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India
- founded by Spaniards and goes westward

60. Ferdinand and Isabella: This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

61. Fernando Cortez: Conquistador and conquered the Aztecs and Capital Tenochtitlan
- won because firearms, canons, and technological advance, and immunity to certain diseases

62. Spain: first early nation state; is transformed because of wealth and gold from the Aztecs

63. Francisco Pizarro: Conquistador who conquered the Incas empire (Peru) and brings greater wealth to Spain

64. Hapsburg Empire: attempt to bring back one political defining feature and was succeeded by Charles V

65. Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor that was the heir to Spain (Fernando & Isabel- la)
_ gained claim of Sicily, Austria, Spain, Germany, and Netherlands
- tensions between reformed England and Spain

- civil war because of tensions on boarder with Ottoman Empire and the French trying to control southern Italy

66. Philip II: Son of Charles V and gains control of Hapsburg Spain
- great centrality of governance in Spain

- develops bureaucratic machine to govern wealth well - construction of "El Escorial" palace in Madrid
- launches Spanish Armata against protestants
- development of better armies

67. El Escorial: palace built by Philip II which was an architectural representation of Crown (King/Authority of Spain)

68. Ferdinand II (Austrian Habsburg): brother of Charles V
- becomes king of Bohemia, Prague in Czech Republic

- influenced by Jesuits and attempts to instill religious conformity (all-Catholic)

69. Defenestration of Prague: (1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

70. Frederick of the Palatinate: Leader of the Protestant princes against Ferdinand during the first phase of the war. Failed.

- protestant states jump in to gain greater political power

71. Cardinal Richelieu: Cardinal that fights against Hapsburg and fights for Protes- tants and enters 30 years war to gain greater political power because France is afraid of becoming a "Hapsburger"

72. 30 Years War (1618-1648): - ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
- 4-8 million die
- no ONE political authority; each authority in control of its own large state
- least advantageous for Spain as they decline in wealth and power
- France rises as new great power and centers on absolute Monarchy

73. Henry IV of France: Bourbon King that gets assassinated
- centralized power around him
- initiates dynastic line around Bourbon
- enforces law and facilitates good economic arteries of France such as bridges, etc. 74. Louis XIII and

Cardinal Richelieu: Richelieu served as Louis XIII's advisor and does everything for benefit of the crown/state

75. 3 chief threats for France (Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu): nobles, reli- gious disunity, and French-Calvinists

76. System of Intendants: Intendants supervised the 32 districts (generalities) of France. This system was created by Cardinal Richelieu, the districts created were ran by French royal officials in the name of the king after 1634. The intendants delivered messages and orders from the king directly to their district. Each intendant was appointed by the monarch.

77. Louis XIV of France (1643-1715): "divinely ordained" to rule, absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes
- he WAS the state and France itself
- France ran smoothly as administration because of intendants working and they were grateful for their position (middle class)
- with wealth, Louis XIV undertakes many wars

78. John Baptist Colbert: formed Mercantile System
- A economic policy that trade, especially exporting goods, increases wealth and power
- maximize exports and minimize imports
- growth of French empire around the globe
- with this wealth, Louis XIV undertakes many wars

79. Louis XIV Wars of Aggression: further development of armies and networks to supply army- fortresses, hospitals, uniforms, etc.
- ultimately bankrupts and exhausts France
- greater centralized power around monarchy and absolutism
- other European nation states imitate France

80. Countries that imitate France's absolutism: - Austrian area (Hapsburgs): focus on centralized power in area
- Russia: Hohenzollern line/rulers; Romanov rulers attempts to imitate Latin West/France with Petersburg

81. English Limited Monarchy: limited monarchy and Stuart line takes power after Elizabeth Tudor dies
- King strives for monarch absolutism but runs with problems because they share power with parliament (they check on kings)

82. Parliament: They have power over the purse, restrains King's money, checks king's power and were sympathetic to further Calvinization
- support Calvin and Puritan Church

83. James I of England: wanted to make himself absolute monarch but had to deal with parliament and taxes
- sought alternative ways to collect money through illegal means
- argues that parliament through money issues and support of the Catholic Church

84. Charles Stuart I: tensions led to civil war
- forces members to give him loans and imprisoned those who refused
- support higher Anglican Church and Archbishop Laud of Canterbury allows Charles to imprison those who didn't give him loans

85. Petition of Right (1628): - parliament says "King, you can't do that stuff." Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. Most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeas corpus and held that only Parliament could impose new taxes.

86. Scottish Rebellion: resists Charles I to institute a higher church
- forces Charles I to reconvene parliament

87. short parliament: parliament called when the king was forced to call parliament because of the Scots' rebellion; every 3 weeks

88. Long Parliament: Parliament convened by Charles I in 1640; lasted on and off for 20 years; passed laws that limited power of monarchy

89. Triennial Act: An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

90. Civil War in England: Resulted in a Parliamentary victory over Charles I, who was captured
- King and Cavaliers (aristocrats) vs. Roundheads (greater power in Parliament; merchants and lawyers)
- Charles defeated by New Model Army of Roundheads (Cromwell) and executed
- Church of England is tossed out, no bishops, smells, and bells
- house of lords and commons is gone too

91. Factions among Roundheads: - moderate view: have king and Calvin church - radical view: no king and puritan church (Cromwell)

92. English Commonwealth: governed by reduced 1 house in parliament with no king
- Oliver Cromwell becomes military dictator (1 Lord protector)

93. King Charles II (1660-1685): "restores" the monarchy and church of England
- houses of parliament returns
- sympathetic towards Catholicsim

94. King James II (1685-1688): Catholic King of England who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution
- 1st wife and children were protestant
- 2nd wife is Catholic and their son gets baptized
- parliament wants to kick James out of throne for fear of religion/Catholic country

95. William and Mary of Orange (England): James II's protestant daughter
- they launched invasion through parliament
-bloodless revolution/glorious revolution

96. Glorious Revolution: A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.