Chapter 12&13

1. Before the movement west, the US had to go south and conquer what Spanish-controlled state? Florida

2. Which general invaded Florida in 1817 and began the First Seminole War? Andrew Jackson

3. Which two tribes were, collectively known as Seminoles, but called dangers for occupying the area from the Apalachicola River to central Florida? Creek and Seminole

4. After bitter conflict, this treaty exchanged Florida for $5 million, and territorial concessions elsewhere. Adams-Onís Treaty

5. What broke out from 1835-1842, which temporarily halted the influx of settlers into Florida territory? Second Seminole War

6. American action in Florida did these three things, which became the template for future action against Indigenous people. Seized Indigenous people’s eastern lands, reduced lands available for freedom-seeking enslaved people, and killed entirely or removed Native American peoples farther west.What legislation granted the president authority to begin treaty negotiations to give Native Americans land in the West in exchange for their lands east of the Mississippi? Which President was in office at the time? Indian Removal Act of 1830; Andrew Jackson

7. Why did Jackson believe removal and relocation was acting in the best interest of Native peoples? They claimed that it would protect Native American communities from outside influences that jeopardized their chances of becoming “civilized” farmers. In other words, this would prevent Americanization and allow their traditions to live on.

8. Which President forcibly removed Cherokee from the state of Georgia and forced them on the “Trail of Tears” in 1838? Martin van Buren

9. Outside of the Cherokee, what other groups, called the “Five Civilized Tribes,” were forcibly removed from their lands east of the MIssissippi River and moved to the Indian territory? Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Muscogee

10. What war lead to the removal of many Sauk from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota to Kansas? Black Hawk War (1832)

11. What Native group remained too powerful to move, specifically in the Southern Plains of the southwestern United States? Comanche

12. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico was looking for settlers to its northern areas to create a buffer between it and who? Comanche

13. What was this northern area of MExico? Texas

14. In 1829, Mexico hoped to quell anger and immigration by doing what? Outlawed slavery and required all new immigrants to convert to Catholicism (mostly ignored)

15. How did Texans respond to the rise of power of Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna? Declared themselves as a separate state within Mexico; after that was rejected, fully declared independence in 1836.

16. What treaty forced Santa Anna to withdraw his army from Texas and recognize their independence? Treaty of Velasco

17. Which US President made it his mission to annex Texas as a state within the Union? John Tyler

18. After Tyler lost the election to James K. Polk, and before the next inauguration, he offered Texas statehood on March 3, 1845. When did Texas accept? July 4, 1845

19. Mexico did not agree with the annexation or the southern border, which they claimed was at a different location away from the Rio Grande… where? Nueces River

20. After failed attempts to buy the Nueces Strip, Polk sent troops, lead by Zachary Taylor, into the disputed territory, which Mexico saw as an act of aggression and attacked, which Polk used this news to do what? Declare war (Mexican-American War)

21. What is another name for the Mexican-American War? Mr. Polk’s War

22. In the early fall of 1846, US troops invaded Mexico, and controlled Mexico City within a year. Troops stayed there for four months during negotiations between the two nations, ending with what treaty? Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

23. What did the US get from the treaty? Land for the future states of California, Utah, Nevada, most of Arizona, parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming (Mexican Cession); Mexico surrendered their claims to Texas and the Nueces Strip, setting the border at the Rio Grande

24. What did Mexico get from the treaty? $15 million

25. What added to American gains north of Mexico? Gadsden Purchase of 1854

26. How did the Mexican-American War affect the Civil War? Many military leaders from the Civil War got their first battle experience here.

27. What was the main reason most people moved out west to California? Gold Rush of 1849

28. Fearful of a Spanish reconquest of South America, John Quincy Adams had a hand in crafting what foreign policy that was triggered by Russians in the Northwest, border disputes with the British in Canada, possibility of Spanish reconquest of South America, and British abolitionism in the Caribbean? Monroe Doctrine

29. What treaty resolved American-British tensions over American plans to construct a Nicaraguan Canal to connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

30. What treaty settled minor border disputes between the US and British Canada? Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Chapter 13: The Sectional Crisis

1. What was the Missouri Compromise? Missouri admitted into the Union as a slave state; Maine admitted as a free state; no slavery allowed in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30′ line (south border of Missouri)

2. Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance banned slavery north and west of what waterway? Ohio River

3. What part of the US Constitution did southerners point to, to say that the document supported slavery? 3/5s Compromise

4. What constitutional arguments did people point out that it was AGAINST slavery? 10th Amendment, 5th Amendment, no language specifically using the word slave.

5. Who are “Doughfaces”? Northerners who were “friendlier” to Southerners than their own communities. An accusation that northern Democrats were lap dogs to southern enslavers

6. While never being a core component of the party platform, this political party blamed Democrats for defending slavery at the expense of the American people. Whigs

7. What events illustrated to the AMericna people that the federal government was pro-slavery? Annexation of pro-slavery Texas

8. Who were some notable former slaves turned Black abolitionist activists? Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman

9. What proposed legislation moved to ban the expansion of slavery into the territories won from Mexico during the Mexican-American War? Wilmot Proviso (passed House, failed in Senate)

10. Knowing the shortcomings of the Liberty Party, leaders started a new political party to try and compete with the pro-slavery Democrats and whigs, which was the… Free Soil Party

11. After the admissions of Texas and Florida as slave states, which state admission eased the tension for the free soilers? Wisconsin (1848)

12. What event did Free Soilers attempt to win support from in 1848, to try and build a broader coalition for reform? Seneca Falls Convention

13. Who became president in 1848, but died by 1850? Zachary Taylor

14. Who replaced Taylor? Millard Fillmore

15. What was rumbling during the beginning of Fillmore’s presidency? California, New Mexico, and Utah were all ready to become states, and there was fear that these states would throw off the power dynamic in Congress

16. Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas orchestrated this new agreement that allowed California to enter as a free state, a new, harsher Fugitive Slave Act, ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and the rest of the new states to decide the issue of slavery for themselves (popular sovereignty). What was this called? Compromise of 1850.

17. What made the Fugitive Slave Act harsher? It created special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even court testimony.

18. What book, published in 1852, moved the antislavery conversation into everyday conversations for northerners? Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

19. Stephen Douglas drafted a bill to organize the Nebraska Territory and cut off the southern chunk to create a new territory. What was that new territory? Kansas

20. Why did he want this? To help build the transcontinental railroad.

21. How would Kansas’ status as slave or free be decided, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Popular sovereignty, overturning the Missouri Compromise

22. Northerners, such nas the New England Emigrant Aid Company, provided guns and other goods for pioneers willing to go to Kansas and establish the territory as WHAT state? Antislavery

23. Antislavery political movements in 1854 formed a new political party, the ______. Republican Party

24. Following a speech before Congress, this Senator was violently beaten with a cane by Representative Preston Brooks because he accused the Representative’s cousin, Senator Andrew Butler, of being pro-slavery so he could have sexual access to Black women. Charles Sumner

25. Pro-slavery raiders attacked Lawrence, Kansas, and in retaliation, radical abolitionist John Brown murdered several pro-slavery Kansans, in this event. Bleeding Kansas

26. Who was the first Republican nominee for President in 1856? John Charles Frémont

27. What were the eventual results of the Kansas vote? Free state; but the federal government did not recognize the votes and recognized a pro-slavery legislature

28. Who won the Election of 1856? James Buchanan

29. What Supreme Court case decision defined the Buchanan presidency? Scott v. Sandford; ruled that Black Americans could not be citizens of the United States and therefore could be transported as chattel from any state to another regardless of state law.

30. The Illinois Senate race of 1858 put sectionalism on the national stage, with the race between these two candidates. Which candidate won? Democrat Stephen Douglas defeated Republican Abraham Lincoln

31. What event out in Utah caused the nation and his own supporters that the Buchanan administration was abusing its power? Sent troops to fight their Mormon communities

32. Made famous through his actions in Kansas, this abolitionist moved east and planned to raid a federal weapons arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) to lead a revolt of enslaved people. John Brown

33. The Democrats split their national convention due to the sectional crisis; southern Democrats nominated VP John Breckenridge of Kentucky and northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas of Illinois. Who was the Republican nominee? Abraham Lincoln.

34. What percent of the popular vote did Abraham Lincoln win? How many electoral votes from the South? 40%; zero

35. What was the first state to secede from the Union? South Carolina

36. Which states seceded? South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas.

37. Who was elected president of the Confederate States of America? Jefferson Davis