Untitled Flashcards Set

·        Local, State, and Federal Levels

o   Local – focuses on more immediate community needs like public safety, parks and recreation, zoning, and waste management

o   State – manages education, healthcare, infrastructure, elections, and law enforcement within their state boundaries

o   Federal – oversees national issues like defense, foreign policy, currency, interstate commerce, and immigration laws

·        Chapter 2

o   Praetorian Guard: nine cohorts of 1,000 men assigned to protect Caesar from assassination

§  No uniforms

§  Housed in private lodging

o   “Frankpledge”: each male above the age of 12 was required to form a group of nine neighbors known as a “tithing”

§  Handled all criminal and civil matters for the tithing

o   Henry Fielding: magistrate for the Bow Street Runners

§  Advocated change and spread awareness about social and criminal problems facing London

§  “Bow Street Runners”: six householders who agreed to serve as paid, regular constables

·      Responsible for patrolling the streets to investigate and arrest criminals; 1^st group to emphasize prevention

o   Sir Robert Peele: Home secretary

§  Metropolitan Police Act: creation of a full-time uniform police force with the primary purpose of patrolling the city

o   Principles of Peelian Reform:

§  Police must be stable, efficient, and organized along military lines

§  Police must be under government control

§  Absence of crime will prove best efficiency

§  Distribution of crime news is essential

§  Deployment of police strength by both time and area is essential

§  Police officers should be even tempered; a quest and determined manner is more effective than violence

§  Good appearance commands respect

§  Securing and training proper people is the root of efficiency

§  Public security requires every police officer be given a number

§  Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the public

§  Policemen should be hired on a probationary period

§  Police records are necessary to determine the best distribution of police strength

§  No guns allowed

§  Emphasized that power came from the English Constitution

o   First Police Department:

§  Night Watch: Boston 1636

§  Day Watch: Philadelphia 1833

o   Early American Police Characteristics

§  Beginnings of police sub-culture

§  Officers isolated emotionally and physically from community – banded together for companionship

§  Always walked the streets no matter what the weather

§  Rattles were the only way to call for help from other officers

§  Poor supervision – Sergeants couldn’t really check on you

§  Lot of discretion because of lack of supervision

§  When not on patrol they waited at the station house

§  Own set of attitudes and behaviors developed

§  Recruits selected by politicians

§  No training involved – given a badge, baton, later a gun, and a manual of rules & regs and sent out on the streets

§  Relied heavily on advice from older officers

§  Pay was good but no job security – served at the whim of the politicians

o   4 Phases of Modern Policing

§  The Political Entrenchment Phase

·      Health services, garbage removal, etc.

·      Social services

·      Police were run by political machines (extensive corruption)

§  The Reform Phase

·      Investigative commissions

·      Police administrative reform

·      General political reform

§  The Professional Phase

·      Volstead Act

·      Great Depression and the resulting crime wave

§  The Public and Community Relations Phase

·      Became evident that the police were not prepared or capable of dealing with the civil strife that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s

o   National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

§  Relationship with minorities was abrasive and contributed to tension

o   Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

§  Provided substantial resources to state and local agencies

·      All led to move towards bringing the community and police back together

o   Community policing

o   Volstead Act: prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol (prohibition)

o   Wickersham Commission (Hoover): charged with studying the rising crime rate and the lack of an effective police response

§  Report: noted numerous problems associated with the police ranging from inadequate training to politics

o   Lack of Training

§  Increased use of force

§  Injury to civilians

§  Poor decision-making

§  Negative interactions

o   August Vollmer + O.W. Wilson (ESSAY)

§  Vollmer

·      Police chief Berkley CA – 1905-1932

·      First to integrate education into police work

·      Hired college grads and organized college course for officers

·      1^st to have totally mobile police force (bikes & cars)

·      1^st to have radio equipped cars

·      1^st to use forensic science to solve crimes

·      1^st to use psychological testing in the selection process

§  Wilson

·      Vollmer’s student

·      Chief in Wichita Kansas 1928-1939

·      Studied development for efficiency and effectiveness – found one man car just as effective as two man car

·      1947 – Dean of School of Criminology at Univ CA Berkeley – first professional school of criminology in country

·      Published the first edition of his Police Administration text

·      Superintendent of Chicago PD 1960

·      Introduced scientific principles of policing – crime analysis, calls for service, etc

o   Problem-oriented Policing: developed by Goldstein (1979) through research projects developed by the Police Executive Research Forum

o   Community-based Policing: focused on fear of crime and the development of community partnerships

§  Two Key Elements:

·      Problem solving

·      Community partnerships

·        Chapter 1

o   The primary shapers of the American police institution are society and a government

o   Rights of individuals and collective needs of society members must be balanced

o   Social Contract: the collective practices by which a group attempts to ensure that individuals conform to the norms and values of the group

§  Under this agreement, citizens surrender certain natural rights

o   Formal social controls: collective practices by which a group attempts to ensure that individuals conform to the norms and values of the group

o   Informal social controls: individuals are socialized into internalizing the norms and values of these institutions

o   Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments of the Constitution

§  4^th Amendment – protects against searches and seizures

§  5^th Amendment – limits obtained confessions (Miranda)

§  6^th Amendment – right to a speedy trial, an attorney, impartial jury, etc.

§  8^th Amendment – prohibits excessive bail, prohibits cruel and unusual punishment

§  14^th Amendment – right to due process

o   Law: binding rule that regulates conduct and provides sanctions for violations of its provisions

§  4 types:

·      Substantive law: criminal statutes that define behaviors that are acceptable and behaviors that are unacceptable

o   Police officers cannot arrest citizens unless they violate a substantive law

·      Procedural law: laws that prescribe how police officers apply substantive laws

·      Civil law: regulates social interactions arising from private, commercial, or contractual relations

·      Case law: the written opinions of the courts

o   Police have four primary roles:

§  Law enforcement

·      Respond to crime scenes, investigate criminal activities, make arrests, serve warrants, interrogate suspects

§  Order maintenance

·      Investigate suspicious places or people, interrupt and stop physical altercations, keep the peace

§  Provision of miscellaneous services

·      Assist motorists, assist during medical emergencies, look for lost children, keep public informed

§  Convenience norm enforcement

·      Investigate traffic accidents, issue traffic tickets, direct traffic

o   Policing Styles:

§  Watchmen: peacekeeping, informal disruption, order maintenance, crime control

§  Legalistic: emphasis on helping in the community and serving alternatives to punishment, protects public

o   DOJ Affiliated Departments

§  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI; 1908)

·      Protect from terrorists, foreign intelligence operations and espionage, cyber-based attacks, public corruption, civil rights, national crime organizations, white-collar crime, violent crime

§  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

·      Goal is to eliminate drugs and interrupt trafficking systems

§  US Marshals Service

·      Goal is to protect/monitor assets

§  Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

·      Enforce all Treasury laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives

§  Department of Homeland Security

·      Goal is to prevent terrorism and enhance security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, and ensure resilience to disasters

§  Transportation Security Agency

·      National travel security – aviation, waterways, rail, highway, public transportation, pipelines

§  US Customs and Border Protection

·      Apprehending illegal immigrants, seizing drugs + contraband, protecting agriculture

§  US Secret Service

·      Investigates finances

§  Immigrations and Customs Enforcement

·      Detention, worksite enforcement, illegal movement of people and goods, border enforcement, etc.

§  US Coast Guard

·      Enforcement of maritime laws, protecting ports

§  State Police and Highway Patrols

·      Assist local police, investigate criminal activities, provide law enforcement in areas without agencies, break strikes/labor movements

§  Limited-Purpose State Law Enforcement Agencies

·      ABC

·      Fish and Game

·      Motor Vehicle Compliance Officers

·        Chapter 3

o   Wilson and McLaren: philosophy that only the best should be selected and promoted

o   Gaines and Kappeler: personal systems should be designed to screen in applicants opposed to screening out

o   Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act: first federal legislative act to prohibit discrimination in employment

o   Two issues when discussing minorities in policing:

§  1. Institutional barriers

§  2. Personal preferences

o   First African American Police Officer – Washington D.C. 1861

o   First Female Police Officer – Los Angeles 1910

o   Recruitment: the development of sufficiently qualified applicants from which to select officers

§   Recruiting enough applicants is critical for a successful hiring process

o   Minimum Selection Standards

§  Residency

§  Vision

§  Educational

§  Physical agility

§  Background and work history

§  Medical standards

·      Americans with Disabilities Act

o   Selection Process

§  Written test

§  Physical agility test

§  Polygraph test (not in Mass)

§  Background or character investigation

§  Medical examination

§  Psychological examination

§  Oral interview board

o   Basic v. academy training

§  Basic – teaches core skills and knowledge

§  Academy – prepares recruits physically, mentally, and emotionally for policing; focus on problem solving, procedural justice, ethical decision making, and fair and impartial policing

§  Topics:

·      Orientation

·      Intro to CJ System

·      Law

·      Human Values

·      Patrol & Investigative Procedures

·      Police Proficiency

·      Administration

·      Report writing

o   Field training – first operated by San Jose (1972)

§  Assigns new officers to ride with an experienced field training officer (FTO) for a specified period of time to continue their training while working on the street

o   In-service training: training that is designed to provide veteran officers with new skills or to update them regarding changes in law, criminal procedures, departmental procedures, or general police policies

§  Roll call

§  Departmental sessions

§  Outside training sessions

§  Extensive in-service training

§  Interactive learning systems

o   Lateral expansion: job specialization within a department

o   Vertical expansion: providing more opportunities for officers to advance