5. subsistence

• 200,000 → AMH

• 190,000 → hunter and gathering - no surplus

• 10,000 → food production

• 300 → industrial

adaptive strategies

• traditional societies do not delineate work from family.

• economic gain primary motivator for human behavior?

  • socially decided. it is one of our motives but not our only motive.

• group’s main system of economic production

  • economy and social features

    • 1. foraging - hunting and gathering, only a few left that all live in nation states and are no longer able to roam freely.

      • band societies - groups of no more than 50. flexible seasonably. nomadic. egalitarian - is no inequality.

    • 2. horticulture - growing simple plants with simple technology.

      • plant cultivation. cyclical, noncontinuous use of the land. they burn the land after we used it’s nutrients. shifting cultivation through slash and burn.

    • 3. agriculture - continuous use of the land.

      • needs fertilizers- manure from domesticated animals. water - simple irrigation system. more labor intensive. produces more food, food surplus. we are free from seasonal patterns. terracing - more surface area on hills so seeds do not wash down.

    • 4. pastoralist - rely on domesticated herd animals

      • animal products such as meat, milk, hide, blood.

      • pastoral nomadism

        • herding year round.

      • transhuman pastoralism

        • part of the group herds and part of the group grows their own food.

    • 5. industrialism - modes of production studied by economic anthropologists. comparative perspective.

      • economy is a system for the production, distribution of goods and services.

  • cultivation continuum

  • ←————————————————————————→

    • more than 50% you are a food producer

• people and the environment

  • humans have ecological dominance.

    • transforming a wide range of environments

    • increase in food → increase in population growth

    • sedentism

    • increase in social complexity and social structure

      • regulating interpersonal relationships

      • coordinate land, labor, etc.