Milk

What is milk’s general composition? 88% water; 3-4% fat, 8-9% SNF (Solids not fat)

What are some examples of SNF? Protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals

what does the percentage of fat in milk depend on? what product the milk is being used for, the cow and their breed

What is the composition of SNFs in milk? Carbohydrate: Lactose is 54%; Protein is 38%; the last 8% is minerals

How is milk processed? After collection, it is homogenized and pasteurized.

What is homogenization? Distributing the fat in milk at very high pressure. It is not necessary to sell, just more appealing to the consumer.

What is pasteurization? Heating milk at very high temperatures to kill bacteria and pathogens. My HTST (Hot temp, short time), UHT (ultra high temp), or low temp can be done. Can also be bottled in a sterile environment to create aseptic.

What are the trends of milk consumption in the US? Fluid milk production has decreased while milk products have increased.

What is the definition of a milk substitute? A nutritionally equivalent option different from the original product.

What is the definition of a milk imitation? A nutritionally inferior option different from the original product

Wool/Sheep breeds

What are the major sheep breeds and their categories? Ewe, ram, dual purpose; merino, Rambouillet, Hampshire, Suffolk, Dorset, Colombia.

What is the definition of a ewe breed? Maternal; 2 lambs generally; have fine wool (high quality)

What is the definition of a ram breed? terminal; used for meat production

What is the definition of a dual-purpose breed? have both characteristics of ewe and ram breeds; does not excel in either category

What is unique about the Merino breed? Ewe breed; low to medium growth; finest wool of all the sheep breeds

What is unique about the Rambouillet breed? ewe breed; medium to high growth; fine wool

What is unique about the Hampshire breed? Ram breed; high growth; medium wool type

What is unique about the Suffolk breed? Ram breed; extremely high growth; medium wool type

What is unique about the Dorset breed? Dual-purpose breed; medium to high growth; medium wool type

What is unique about the Colombia breed? Dual-purpose breed; Medium to high growth; medium wool type

What are the trends of wool production globally and nationally?

What is the number 1 country for “greasy” wool production? China

What is “greasy” wool production? Wool from sheep that is shorn once a year

What country is the number 1 for fine wool production? Australia

What country is the number 1 for textile production? New Zealand

What state is the number 1 for greasy wool production? California; mostly concentrated in the west

Byproducts

What are the major edible byproducts? Variety meats, fats or intestines

What are the major non-edible byproducts? Hides, skins, pharmaceutical products

How much of cattle is used as byproducts? 66%

How much of the hog is used for byproducts? 52%

How much of the lamb is used for byproducts? 68%

What is good about using byproducts? They give the highest margin; make the most money over just general meat production; most byproducts are exported

What is the role of the rendering industry? Collects the products after byproducts have been removed, essentially cooks everything else; responsible for 70 mil lbs of rendered products. Most of the products are inedible.

What are the main products the rendering industry creates? Animal feeds like: meat and bone meal; poultry byproduct meal; feather meal

Market classes/grades of livestock

what is a quality grade? palatability (i.e. taste predictions) accounts for maturity and marbling

What is a yield grade? essentially quantity of the meat (how much); cutability of % of BCTRC (boneless closely trimmed retail cuts)

What is the method of beef yeild grading? Amount of sub Q fat, ribeye area (inches squared), hot carcass weight; on a scale of 1-5

What is the method of beef quality grading? Maturity (lean color, bone & cartilidege); marbling (intramuscular fat); graded as prime, choice and select

What is the method of quality grading for hogs? 2 grades: acceptable and unacceptable

What is the method of yeild grading for hogs? on a scale of 1-4; based on backfat and muscling score

What is the method of quality grading for lambs? prime, choice, good, and utility; based upon streaking class and carcass conformation

What is the method of yeild grading for lambs? scale of 1-5