Apush unit 7

Specific Identification                                                                  [```|```|```|```]  ←cursor parking lot

1. Indian Removal Act of 1830:                                                  

1. Didn’t actually remove the Indians                        

2. Allowed the president to negotiate treaties with tribes → U.S could pay for land and Indians would move

3. Initially unsuccessful, as most Indians refused to sell

2. Trail of Tears Indian Removal (1838):

1. Van Buren is in charge at this point

2. Cherokees are forced out by fed. government

   1. Cherokee believe in communal ownership and one Cherokee “sold” the land to the US government under Jackson

3. Van Buren is president when they get kicked out of their land

4. People blamed Van Buren for all the bad stuff that Jackson left him

3. The American System: 

1. Henry Clay’s three-pronged plan to promote American Industry

i.       High protective tariffs

ii.      A 2nd national bank

iii.     Federal funding for infrastructure

4. Jackson vs. 2nd Bank of the United States:

1. Jackson HATES national bank; thinks it's unconstitutional

2. People try to undermine him by submitting for the recharter in 1832

   1. They did this because they knew Jackson would veto it and that would make Americans not vote for him 

3. Jackson vetoed the recharter 

4. He also writes a Bank Veto Message where he rambles about the U.S ban and looks insane

5. But people love him for this and he wins the 1832 election

5. Whigs: 

1.  After the Panic of 1837, the Whig Party emerged in opposition to Jacksonian Democrats

i. They opposed Jackson’s emerging tyranny 

ii. Named after the British Whig party, who opposed absolute monarchy

2. They manage to get Henry Harrison in office but balance the ticket with John Tyler

i. Harrison dies and Tyler becomes a very democratic president, not what they wanted

6. Tariff of 1828, 1832, & Compromise Tariff of 1833: 

1828: 

1.  Tariff of 1828 – weakens SC economy by making stuff from the UK too expensive

i. VP Calhoun suggests nullification, and receives harsh words from Jackson

2. Called the Tariff of Abominations

3.  SC says it will secede if the tariff is not changed

   1. Force bill is created

1832:

1.  Further increases protective tariffs

2. SC has a convention forbidding the collection of the tariffs (nullifies both tariffs)

   1. Leads to Nullification Crisis

1833:

1. Gradually reduced the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years

   1. Heavily supported by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun

   2. People hail Clay for saving the country

2. Received much opposition from New England and the middle states

   1. Eventually squeezed through anyways

7. Deposit Act of 1836:

1. Jackson wants to withdraw all government deposits and put them into pet banks

   1. He initially hires as secretary of treasury McLane… fires him then hires Duane… fires him

   2. Taney finally does it

      1. But with the condition that he can become chief justice

   3. Causes

      1. Inflation

      2. Won’t take paper $ anymore according to Specie Circular

      3. Panic of 1837

      4. Whig party emerges to defeat Jackson Democrats

8. Nullification Crisis:

1. Earlier in the Alien and Sedition debate the states proposed they might have these powers

   1. Nullification - Refusing to do something

   2. Interposition - States can protect citizens from the federal government

   3. Secession - States can leave

2. Tariff of 1828 happens → SC Mad (says they will secede if not changed)

3. VP Calhoun suggests nullification

   1. Jackson sees nullification as treason 

4. Tariff of 1832 happens → SC has a convention and forbids the collection of both tariffs 

5. Jackson enforces 2 bills

   1. Force bill 

      1. AKA bloody bill

      2. Allows Jackson to invade S.C

   2. Reduces tariffs

6. SC rescind nullification

7. Do states have those 3 rights? Isn’t determined then 

9. Panic of 1819 & 1837:

     1819:

a. Caused by expanding credit and speculation after the end of Napoleonic Wars

b. SHOULD have been stopped by 2nd Bank, but actually became part of the problem

     c. Leads to massive depression, first failure of market economy

d. Backlash against big government & banks in general, 2nd National Bank in particular

     1837:

      a. Caused by rampant land speculation(buying land for more than it’s worth)

                i. Speculation spread to other industries, including infrastructure and slaves

                ii. Jackson’s Finances, i.e. Bank war and Specie Circular, made it even worse

      c. Starting in Jackson’s time but exploding for Van Buren, mobs stormed warehouses 

      d. 2 prominent British banks collapsed, causing Britain to call in loans from America

    i. American banks, including pet banks, collapsed by the hundreds 

      e. Van Buren proposes the “Divorce Bill” separating bank and gov. 

    i. Condemned by Whigs and Democrats alike

               ii. Eventually ended with the Independent Treasury Bill of 1840

10. Election of 1824, 1828, 1832, 1836 & 1840:

 1824

1. End of the Era of Good-Feelings

1. 4 candidates: Quincy Adams, Jackson, Crawford, and Clay

2. No one is able to get a majority win but Jackson won popular

3. Goes to the house

4. Henry Clay is the speaker of the house and hated Jackson

5. So he chooses Adams to win and many people speculate that Adams bribed Clay 

2. 1828

   1. Jackson Vs. John Quincy Adams

   2. Jackson wins with VP J. Calhoun 

   3. Mudslinging and appeal to the masses

   4. Jackson was the first people’s president 

3. 1832

   1. Jackson Vs. Clay

   2. Jackson wins with VP Van Buren

4. 1836

   1. Van Buren Wins due to Jackson popularity

5. 1840

   1. “Tippecanoe & Tyler too!”

   2. Henry Harrison with VP John Tyler wins

   3. But Henry Harrison dies in 30 days

11. Force Bill:

1. Result of S.C.’s nullifications

   1. Allowed Jackson to use the army and navy to collect federal taxes

   2. Passed at the same time as the Compromise Tariff

12. Monroe Doctrine:

1. The proclamation that the European colonization of the Americas was over

   1. Supported (1)noncolonization and (2)nonintervention

   2. Europe would leave America alone, and America would stay out of their affairs

2. Deeply offended powers such as Russia

3. Depended on the alliance with Britain, who promised naval support

13. Specie Circular:

1. Jackson’s attempt to reign in the economy

    i.      Result of the unreliable “Wildcat” currency

2. Required all public lands to be purchased with hard, metallic money

   1. Contributed to the financial crisis of 1837

   2. Jackson retired soon after this, leaving the damage to Van Buren

14. Texas Annexation:

1. Americans eye Texas, now under Mexican control, for its ample land

2. Mexico invites Americans to live there as a safety bumper for the rest of the country

3. Mexico passes National Colonization Act

   1.  land given to empresarios(meaning “agent”)

   2.  Emps. give land to American emigrants 

   3. Stephen Austin most famous of the emps. 

      1. Founds Washington-on-the-Brazos

      2. Recruits more than 1,500 families

4.  “Mexicanizing” the Americans

   1. Become citizens, pay taxes, speak spanish, convert to catholicism

   2. most Americans accept Mexican citizenship but do not convert or learn Spanish

5.  Haden Edwards (empresario) - 1826, leads revolution against Mexican Gov.

   1. founds Fredonia, is crushed

6. In response, Mexico closes border and rescinds trade with the U.S.

   1. They do too little too late

7. Texans form a convention in 1833, asking demands of Mexico

   1. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, self-declared dictator, refuses demands

   2. Under the leadership of Sam Houston, Texans declare war

   3. Mexican army is inexperienced, Texan army is small and underfunded

8. Texans win, Sam Houston elected president, apply for statehood to the U.S.

   1. Statehood refused, it would create unbalanced slavestate ratio

15. Battle of The Alamo, Gonzales, & San Jacinto:

The Alamo – Feb. 1836 – “Remember the Alamo!”

Gonzales – 1835 - “Come and Take It!”

San Jacinto – April 1836

16. 2nd Great Awakening

1. Reaction to rise of Deism

2. Organized churches into new branches

   1. Joseph Smith creates Mormonism

   2. Led to creation of cultish utopian societies

      1. New Harmony

      2. Oneida

      3. Shakers

      4. Brook Farm

   3. Encouraged new reform movements

      1. Women’s suffrage

      2. Temperance

      3. Anti-slavery

17. American Temperance Society

1. Urged people to quit drinking alcohol

2. Maine Law of 1851

   1. Prohibited sale and manufacture of intoxicating beverages

18. Hudson River School

1. group of American landscape painters

   1. Painted famous landscapes; Niagra Falls, Rocky Mountains, Grand Canyon

   2. A.J. Downing, Thomas Cole

19. Transcendentalism

1. Emerging philosophy of natural goodness and spirituality

   1. Ralph Waldo Emerson

   2. Henry David Thoreau

   3. Margaret Fuller

Pertinent Phrases

20. "Pet Banks"

1. Jackson’s solution to the vacuum left by death of 2nd bank

2. Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks run by Jackson simps

3. Banks that were owned by all of Jackson’s friends

21. "cult of domesticity"

1. Occurred during the start of Women’s suffrage

2. Claimed women needed to remain in the home and care for children

22. "corrupt bargain" / "favorite sons"

1. The last of the king caucus elections

2. Although Jackson won popular vote, he failed to get enough electoral votes

3. Disliking Jackson, Clay supported Adams in return for Sec. of State

   1. Jackson dubbed this the corrupt bargain

   2. Began plotting his revenge for the next 4 years

23. "common man"

1. The “average” american citizen of the time

   1. Only white males

24. "era of good feelings"

1. The time in American history under President Monroe, characterized by:

   1.  the death of the Federalist Party 

   2. the boom of infrastructure like canals and railroads

   3. A new sense of nationalism among Americans

2. There were still a lot of problems

   1. Sectionalism, slavery

3. Ended with the election of 1824, when Adams was elected

25. "peculiar institution" - what southerners called slavery to lessen how bad it sounds

26. "Martin van Ruin" -  Buren’s nickname for inheriting all of Jackson’s failures

27. "The Reign of King Mob"-  What critics of Jackson called him for appealing to the masses

28. "gag rule" - prevented members of congress from mentioning slavery

29. "Old Hickory"- The nickname Jackson earned after defeating the British in new orleans

30. "Tariff of Abominations": 

1. South Carolina’s nickname for the tariff of 1828

2. Strengthens northern industry at the expense of southern economy

31. "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too"- 

1. William Henry Harrison’s campaign slogan 

2. meant to remind voters of Harrison's successful combat against native Americans, and also John Tyler’s democratic-ness

3. Important People

   32. John C. Calhoun

   1. Jackson’s VP in election 1828 

   2. Jackson gets mad at him after he suggest South Carolina Nullify 

      1. Jackson sees nullification as treason

   3. Calhoun will not be VP during Jackson’s next term 

   
   

   33. Henry Clay

   1. Speaker of the house during the 1824 election 

   2. Gets to decide who is pres during 1824 election since no one won 

   3. Corrupt bargain

      1. Clay chooses Adams as president

      2. Clay becomes Adam’s secretary of state 

   
   

   34. Andrew Jackson

   1. President during 1828 to 1836 

   2. Nullification Crisis

      1. Tariff of 1828 weakens South Carolina economy 

      2. South Carolina threatens to secede

      3. Tariff of 1832 makes it worse

      4. South Carolina nullifies both tariffs

      5. Jackson takes 2 actions

         1. Force Bill aka the bloody bill 

         2. Reduces Tariffs

      6. South Carolina rescinds nullification 

   3. 2nd Bank

      1. Jackson HATES the bank

      2. Bank gets re-chartered early in 1832

         1. Jackson vetoes this

      3. Still wins 1832 election

      4. Withdraws all government deposits 

      5. Causes

         1. Inflation

         2. Panic of 1837

         3. Whig party emerged in opposition of Jackson

   4. Indian Removal

      1. Jackson supports this 

      2. Indian Removal act of 1830

         1. Signed by Jackson

         2. Allows pres to negotiate treaties with tribes to get their land

         3. Most Indians refuse to leave

      3. Indians challenge Indian removal 

         1. Cherokee Nation V. Georgia

         2. Worcester V. Georgia

      4. Jackson ignores the rulings from the cases

   
   

   35. John Marshall

   1. Chief Justice for a long time

      1. Many of his rulings strengthened the federal government

   
   

   36. John Quincy Adams

   1. Wins election of 1824 due to Corrupt Bargain 

   2. Kinda acted like a federalist during his term which people did not like

      1. Wanted to extend the American System

      2. Wanted federal money to be used on

         1. Universities

         2. Scientific Research

         3. Improving Rivers 

         4. Extending National Road

      3. Loses election of 1828 to Jackson

   
   

   37. Nicholas Biddle

   1. President of the bank 

   2. Applies for bank recharter of 1832

      1. Does this because they know Jackson will veto this and people won’t vote for him 

   3. Calls in all bank loans in attempt to save the bank during the 2nd banking crisis

      1. Causes bankruptcies

   
   

   38. Roger Taney

   1. Secretary of Treasury 

   2. Withdraws all government deposits into pet banks 

   3. Becomes Chief Justice under Jackson because he does this 

   
   

   39. Daniel Webster

   1. Served as sec. of state under John Tyler

   2. Joined with Clay and Calhoun to form the Whig party, opposing Jackson’s finances

   
   

   40. William Henry Harrison

   1. Wins election of 1840 

   2. Whig president

   3. Is only president for 30 days 

   
   

   41. John Tyler

   1. Henry Harrison’s VP

      1. Becomes president after he dies

   2. A democrat 

   3. Unsupported by Whig party

   
   
   
   

   42. Martin van Buren

   1. “Martin van Ruin”

   2. Jackson’s VP in his second term

   3. Wins election of 1836

      1. Inherits all of the bad stuff from Jackson’s presidency 

      2. Isn’t well liked because of this 

      3. Carries out the indian removal act

   
   

   43. Stephen F. Austin

   1. Most famous of the empresarios

   2. Founded Washington-on-the-Brazos

   3. Recruited more than 1,500 families to live in Texas

   
   

   44. Santa Anna

   1. Dictator of Mexico

   2. Was taken prisoner during battle of San Jacinto

   3. Forced to sign treaty with Texas 

      1. Gave Texas their independence

   
   

   45. Sam Houston

   1. Led the Texan revolt as general

   2. Elected president of Texas after they get their independence

   
   

   46. Brigham Young

   1. Led Mormons to Utah

   2. Became a prosperous frontier society 

   
   

   47. Horace Mann, William H. McGuffey & Noah Webster in education

   1. Horace Mann

      1. Promoted more schools, longer days, and expanded curriculum 

   2. William H. McGuffey

      1. Important role in creating the public education system

      2. Wrote the first elementary school textbooks

      3. Helped standardize American language and education

   3. Noah Webster

      1. Created dictionary which helped standardize American language

   
   

   48. Dorothea Dix

   1. AKA Dragon Lady Dix

   2. Helped medicine cleanliness 

   3. Thompson’s crush

   
   

   49. Charles Grandison Finney

   1. Presbyterian minister in the 2nd great awakening

   2. Believed in equal education and abolishionism

   
   

   50. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan

   1. Advocated for women’s suffrage

   2. Ended coverture laws → Rights of women were only a function of their husbands rights

   3. Increased college enrollment

   4. Divorce laws

   
   

   51. Henry David Thoreau & "Civil Disobedience"

   1. Very important transcendentalist writer

   2. Civil Disobedience is an essay about rebelling against unjust states

Important Court Cases

52. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1. Georgia passed a law requiring Cherokee relocation 

2. Cherokee challenge this in court

3. Supreme Court says it doesn’t work b/c the Cherokee are not a nation with legal rights 

53. Worcester v. Georgia

1. Georgia challenges Cherokee again 

2. Supreme Court changes their mind from previous court case

   1. Georgia laws don’t extend to Cherokee territory 

   2. Cherokee Nation is sovereign

3. Cherokee actually kinda win this case 

4. But Jackson ignores this ruling and Cherokee have to leave anyway

5. “He has made his decision” - Andrew Jackson

iVocabulary

54. Land Speculation & the Panics- The process of buying land for more than it is worth in anticipation of a higher return when future developments occur

55. Universal Male Suffrage- Voting rights for all male citizens

56. Market Revolution- The period of advancement of infrastructure and politics in America 

57. Spoils System / Rotation in Office- Andrew Jackson’s practice of divvying out offices to his friends/ supporters

58. Nullification- 

Secession- when states leave the country

59. Protective Tariffs- 

60. Nationalism- A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

61. Sectionalism- when a region of a country has a stronger loyalty to its own interests than to the country as a whole

62. Direct v. Indirect Election of Electors

63. Caucus v. National Nominating Convention

64. Deism- The belief in a “clock-maker” god, one who is not involved but does exist