HISTORY

JIMMY DOOLITTLE

-        made a flight without outside visual

-        references

-        Consolidated NY-2 Aircraft

-        Artificial horizon (pitch and roll), Altimeter

-        (altitude), Radio direction finder (position

-        relative landing area)

-        Proved that blind flight was possible September 24, 1929

-        Aircraft instrument

-        To understand where the plane is and what it is doing

-        1929 Cessna - had an airspeed indicator and altimeter

1940

-        instrument flight in zero visibility in civilian aviation.

-        With no outside reference

Wright Brothers

-        Engine tachometer, wind meter, stopwatch

-        To provide information on:

-        Condition of the aircraft (weather) Engine component (navigation) Aircraft's attitude in the sky (communication)

2 parts to any instrument or instrument system Direct sensing instrument system

-        sense the situation and other part displays

-        Remote-sensing instrument system Requires the information to be sensed, or captured and then sent to a separate display unit in the cockpit

-        The placement of the flight instrument is on the left side

-        Altitude. Airspeed, vertical speed, heading

Visual flight rules (VFR)

-        Require an airspeed indicator, an altimeter. and compass or other magnetic direction indicator

Instrument Flight rules (IFR)

-        Require gyroscopic pitch-bank (artificial horizon), direction (directional gyro), and rate of tun indicator, slip-skid indicator, adjustable altimeter, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)

Term

-        Sa synonym or called for cockpit instrument as a whole

-        US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14. and Part 91.

MODULE2

3 BASIC KINDS OF INSTRUMENT

-        Flight instrument

-        Engine strument

-        Navigation instrument

Electricity

-        Used by way of wires that carry sensor information into the cockpit

Coventional, Analog, Traditional cockpit

-        Relies numerous mechanical gauges (steam guages)

Glass cockpit

-        features electronic (digital) Large Lcd screens

VFR

-        A pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going

IFR

-        depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck

6 BASIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

-        ALTIMETER

-        AIRSPEED INDICATOR ATTITUDE INDICATOR

-        HEADING INDICATOR

-        TURN COORDINATOR

-        VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR

Flight instruments are operated by air pressure and the use of gyroscopes to avoid the use of electricity

AIRSPEED INDICATOR

-        Usually given in knots (nautical miles per hour

-        Classified as Pitot Static System

o   to measure the speed of the A/C moves through air pressure diff. From both static port and a pitot tube

TYPES OF AIRSPEED

-        Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) - corrected for altitude related atmospheric condition

-        Indicated Airspeed (lAS) - corrected for installation error and instrument error

-        True Airspeed (TAS) - used for flight planning calculations

-        Groundspeed (GS) - speed over the ground

ATTITUDE INDICATOR

-        also known as artificial horizon (roll and pitch)

ALTIMETER INDICATOR

-        Based on barometric pressure

TURN AND SLIP COORDINATOR

-        Indicate rotation about the longitudinal axis

-        INCLINOMETER- to indicate iif the aircraft is in coordinated flight or in a SLIP or SKID

-        SKID - centrifugal force higher than centripetal force

-        SLIP- centripetal force higher than centrifugal force

HEADING INDICATOR

-        also known as directional gyro or DG With respect to magnetic north when set with a compass

VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR

-        also called variometer or rate of climb indicator

-        Senses changing air pressure and info to the pilot as rate of climb or descent

NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS

-        to identify exact location by determining direction and distance

VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)

-        Standard radio navigation system for cross-countru flying in the US VHHF range: 108-177.95 MHz

AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)

-        Use since 1930s NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACONS (NDB)

-        called to smaller airports that have no other radio aids for nagivation 190-1.800 kHz range

ENGINE INSTRUMENTS

-        to measure operating parameters of the aircraft engine

-        Quantity,pressure, and temperature indications. also the measuring engine speed

-        located in the middle of instrument panel

Most common engine instrument

-        Fuel and oil quantity

-        Pressure gauges

-        Tachometers

-        Temperature gauges

several engine instruments

-        Cylinder head temperature

-        Manifold pressure

-        Oil temperature

ENGINE OIL PRESSURE GAUAGE

-        Most important instrument used by the pilot indicated in psi

-        10 psi per every 1000 revolution per min (rpm). peaking around 55-65 psi It is important because of the oil pump

o   oil pump circulate engine oil under pressue to the rotating bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of the engine

·        LUBRICATION - to reduce friction and prevents heating of the engine

·        COOLING - oil absorbs heat

·        CLEANING - because of abrasion

3 most common reasons for low oil pressure

-        LOW OIL LEVEL

-         WORN-OUT

-        OIL OVERHEATING

TACHOMETER

-        measuring the rotation speed of shaft or disk to monitor revolution per min (rpm) under normal conditions during engine start to indicate an over speed condition, if one 0cCurs

EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (EGT)

-        to monitor the exhaust gas temperature of an internal combustion engine found in aero planes

ENGINE OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

-        ability of the engine oil to lubricate and cool depends on the temperature of oil and the amount of oil supplied to the critical areas

MANIFOLD PRESSURE GAUGE

-        Used in piston aircraft engine to measure the pressure inside the induction system

FUEL PRESSURE

-        to maintain the desired output pressure

FUEL GAUGE
- To measure the quantity of the fuel in the right and left tank