APHG Unit 2 first 1/5

-push and pull factors/causes of migration

-Push factor: induces people to move out of their present location

-Pull Factor: induces people to move into a new location

4 categories:

Environmental 

-Pull towards physically attractive regions

-Push from hazardous ones

-floodplain: area subject to flooding during a specific # of years based on historic trends

-desertification: human actions causing deterioration of land to desertlike condition

Political

-frequently occurs because of political conflict

-Draw of Democracy

-Wars have pushed ethnic groups out of redrawn borders

Economic

-Aren’t many jobs in current situation

-Possibly more jobs in a new location

-Have a job, more attractive ones elsewhere

-attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change

Social

-women/gender roles

-ethnic groups

-religious beliefs

-science and technology

-social classes

-Demographic Transition Model

-Stage 1: low growth

-practically 0 NIR due to high CBR and high CDR

-dependent on hunting/gathering

-agricultural revolution: when humans first domesticated plants and animals

-NO country is in Stage 1

Stage 2: High Growth

-low CDR and high CBR = high NIR

Stage 3: Moderate Growth

--CBR drops sharply

-CDR falls much slower than in stage 2

-Population still growing b/c CBR is still > CDR

Stage 4: Low Growth

-CBR = CDR, NIR approaches 0

-Zero Population Growth: decline of the total fertility rate to the point where natural increase rate = 0

Stage 5: Declining Population

-country experiences overall population loss

-CDR exceeds CBR

-examples of countries in each stage

Stage 1 EX: NO Country

Stage 2: Guatemala, Yemen

Stage3 EX: Mexico, India,South Africa

Stage 4 EX: US, South Korea, Canada

Stage 5 EX: Croatia, Japan, Germany, Greece

-Epidemiological Transition Model:

Stage 1: pestilence and Famine

--Parasitic or infectious diseases, accidents, animal attacks, and/or human conflicts cause most deaths.High death rate; low life expectancy

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

-The number of pandemics  (widespread diseases affecting large populations) declines as a result of improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine. Decreasing death rate; increasing life expectancy

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human Created Diseases

-Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging, like heart disease and types of cancer – increase as people live longer. Death rate stabilizes at low level; life expectancy increases

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

-Stage 4 is an extension of Stage 3, but the age-related diseases are delayed as medical procedures put off their onset through advanced procedures. Diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia increase. Death rate reaches its lowest level and life expectancy reaches a peak

Stage 5: Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

-Infectious and parasitic diseases increase as some bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines. Life expectancy decreases

-Malthusian Theorem

-describe it: the supply of food cannot keep up with the growth of the human population, inevitably resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity

-arguments against it

Some argue that advancements in technology and agriculture can increase food production to outpace population growth, thus mitigating the dire predictions of the theorem.