Overview:
Energy flows in a linear function; compounds are going to cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

An ecosystem is made out of living things as well as nonliving things, with the main light source being the sun.
Photosynthesis needs sunlight as a fuel and then releases organic molecules and O2 as waste. The waste then acts as fuel for cellular respiration with the release of ATP for cellular work. Which has a waste product of CO2 and H2O which gets used up by photosynthesis, creating a cycle. 

Heat energy cannot be recycled.

Entropy is being generated in two ways, waste energy, and cellular respiration waste products. 

Simplified chemical formula for cellular respiration 

6O2 (g) + C6H12O6(aq) → 6CO2(g) + 6H20(l)

Coupling reactions:
ADP + Pi → ATP

Gets energy from Glucose, creating potential and chemical energy

Redox Reactions:
Split into 2 parts, oxidation & reduction

• OIL: oxidation is lost; losing an electron 

• RIG: reduction is gained; gain of electron 

Performed by dehydrogenase, a coenzyme that helps the reaction occur 

In the case of the formula, oxidation is happening from oxygen to carbondioxide and reduction is happening from glucose to water

Phosphorylation

When a chemical gains a phosphate group 

Two types:

• Substrate level phosphorylation 

  • When a phosphate group form an organic molecule is picked up by another organic molecule 

• Oxidative phosphorylation 

  • When a chemical gains a phosphate group using the energy from the oxidation of another chemical

Glycolysis 

Overall reaction 

Takes place in the cytoplasm

Glucose →→→→→→ 2 pyruvates 

Creates:
2 ATP by using 2 ADP & Pi

2 NADH & H* by using 2 NAD*

Ten RXNS of glycolysis 

Linkage Reaction

Krebs Cycle 

The goal of the krebs cycle is to trap as much energy as possible form Acetyl CoA in NADH. FADH2 & ATP

Two e- carrieres 

NAD* + 2e- + 2H* → NADH + H*

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide 

FAD +  2e- + 2H* → FADH2

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

For one glucose molecule 

Electron Transport Chain

Poisons 

Rotenone: 

Attaches to complex 1, stopping the flow of electrons, kills you 

Cyanide:

Attaches to complex 4, preventing the flow of electrons, stops the reduction of O2. it is irreversible and can kill anyone with small amounts 

Carbon monoxide:

Attaches to complex 4, preventing the flow of electrons, stops the reduction of O2. Reversible if caught early enough 

DNP:

Creates holes in the phospholipid bilayer, disrupting the H+ gradient. In large amounts can kill the person, overall stop the flow of ATP

Oligomycin:
Stops ATP synthase, stopping the flow of H+, which stops the creation of ATP

Producing Energy in the absence of O2

          ADP & Pi → ATP

Glucose →→→→→→ 2 pyruvates 

    NAD* → NADH + H*

If there is sufficient oxygen, it goes through cellular/Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria

If not, it goes through fermentation, anaerobic respiration 

Fermentation 

Lactic Acid

Done by humans/animals/bacteria/fungi 

Lactic acid is a warning mechanism informing you that you are out of oxygen

Alcohol 

Done by plants/bacteria/fungi (yeast)