Untitled Flashcards Set

Here are the detailed notes based on the PDF:

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### Human Population Growth Over Time

- Fertility rates have decreased since the mid-1900s, but rapid population growth continues due to larger population sizes.

- Timeline for adding global population:

- 7 billion in 2012.

- Each subsequent billion is added in progressively shorter time periods.

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### Crude Birth & Death Rates

- Birth Rate: Births per 1,000 people.

- Death Rate: Deaths per 1,000 people.

- Developed countries typically have lower birth and death rates compared to developing nations.

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### Population Change Formula

- Formula:

\[

\text{Population Change} = (\text{Births} + \text{Immigration}) - (\text{Deaths} + \text{Emigration})

\]

- Zero Population Growth (ZPG): Achieved when births and immigration balance with deaths and emigration.

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### Growth Rate (r)

- Formula:

\[

r = \frac{\text{Change in Population}}{\text{Population Size}}

\]

- Example: A population of 600 bunnies with a change of 24 results in \( r = 0.04 \).

- Growth rates are typically expressed as percentages (\( r \times 100 \)).

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### Doubling Time: Rule of 70

- Formula:

\[

\text{Doubling Time} = \frac{70}{\text{Growth Rate (%)}}

\]

- Example: A 3.5% growth rate results in a doubling time of 20 years.

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### Replacement Fertility & Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

- Replacement Fertility:

- 2.1 in developed nations.

- 2.5–3.3 in developing nations due to higher infant mortality.

- TFR (Average children per woman):

- Global: 2.36.

- Developed nations: 1.6.

- Developing nations: 3.3.

- Least developed nations: 4.1.

- Highest TFR: Niger (7.1), Chad (6.7).

- Lowest TFR: Singapore (0.83), Macau (0.95).

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### Current Population (2024)

- Global: 8.2 billion.

- China & India: 36% of the world’s population.

- U.S.: 335 million.

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### Population Projections

- By 2100: Projected to be 9.4–12.7 billion (likely 10.9 billion).

- Most growth will occur in developing nations.

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### Factors Influencing Fertility Rates

1. Increased education and employment for women.

2. Urbanization and reduced reliance on child labor.

3. Higher cost of raising children.

4. Improved access to contraception and abortion.

5. Reduced infant mortality rates.

6. Cultural shifts away from large families.

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### Population Age Structures

- Pyramid Shapes:

- Rapid Growth: Large proportion of pre-reproductive individuals.

- Slow Growth: Balanced proportions with wider bases.

- Zero/Negative Growth: Equal or smaller pre-reproductive groups.

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### Demographic Transition Model

1. Preindustrial Stage:

- High birth and death rates; small, stable population.

2. Transitional Stage:

- Death rates drop; birth rates remain high, leading to rapid growth.

3. Industrial Stage:

- Birth rates decline, balancing with death rates.

4. Postindustrial Stage:

- Birth and death rates balance; population stabilizes or declines.

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### Population Momentum

- Even if fertility rates drop to replacement levels, population may continue to grow due to a high proportion of young individuals reaching reproductive age.

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### Health Indicators

1. Infant Mortality Rate: Higher in developing nations.

2. Life Expectancy: Lower in developing nations.

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### Challenges in Developed Nations

- Negative population growth (e.g., Japan, Italy):

- Fewer workers, stress on social systems, higher medical costs.

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### Strategies to Manage Population Growth

1. Expand family planning access.

2. Improve infant and maternal health care.

3. Increase access to education (especially for girls).

4. Promote gender equality and reduce poverty.

Let me know if you'd like a further breakdown or a more specific focus!