AO1 revision

lexis - words and vocab
semantics - meaning of words
grammar - rules that make it make sense
phonetics and phonology - how words sound
pragmatics - sound
discourse - what type of writing
graphology - how it looks

proper noun - name for an individual person, place or organisation
concrete noun - something you can physically touch or see
abstract noun - denotes an idea, quality or state
pronoun - replaces a noun
singular pronoun - i
plural pronoun - we
indefinite pronoun - anybody, someone
interrogative pronoun - which, what
demonstrative pronoun - this, that
possessive pronoun - my, mine
reflexive pronoun - myself, yourself
reciprocal pronoun - each other
relative pronoun - that, which

definite article - the
indefinite article - a, an
cardinals - one, two
ordinals - once, twice
quantifier- few, many, enough
demonstrative determiner - this, that, these (requires a noun)
primary auxiliary - be, have, do
deontic modal - requesting permission e.g. you may, you must
epistemic modal - express a speakers opinion about a statement e.g. he might be at home, i’m not sure

time adverb - tomorrow
manner adverb - aggressively
place adverb - here
duration adverb - forever
frequency adverb - sometimes
degree adverb - completely

preposition - preceding a noun or pronoun
coordinating conjunction - and, but
subordinating conjunction - although
corrective conjunction - either

adjective - give information about a noun
premodifying adjective - the sudden noise
postmodifying adjective - English is brilliant
predicative adjective - adjective following main object to describe subject

base - great
comparative - greater
superlative - greatest

verb - to be
main verb - identify action of sentence e.g. shopping
auxiliary verb - go before main verb e.g. have, been
primary auxiliary verb - do, have, be
modal auxiliary - can, could, will
dynamic verb - action e.g. walk
stative verb - state of being e.g. love, hate
transitive verb - requires object to complete verb e.g. she played the piano
intransitive verb - no direct object requiring action e.g. she walked

simple sentence - one independent clause
compound sentence - two or more independent clauses
complex sentence - one independent clause and subordinate clause
compound complex sentence - more than one independent and one subordinate clause
minor sentence - a sentence that cannot stand alone
conditional sentence - one thing is contingent on something else e.g. if
relative clause - dependent clause that provides extra information about a noun in the main clause e.g. this is the house where i grew up

noun phrase - noun and modifiers
verb phrase - verb and modifiers

present participle - being
past participle - been
present continuous - i am
past continuous - i was
future continuous - i will be
present perfect - i have
past perfect - i had
future perfect - i will have
present perfect continuous - i have been
past perfect continuous - i had been
future perfect continuous - i will have been

active voice - subject verb object
passive voice - object verb object

parataxis - clauses one after another without a conjunction e.g. i came, i saw, i conquered
hypotaxis - subordination of one clause to another e.g. because i came, i saw, then i conquered
antanaclasis - one polysemic word repeated twice in contrasting senses e.g. the argument is sound … nothing but sound
polysemy - a word with multiple meanings e.g. text
diacope - the same word separated by another e.g. run, Forrest, run
tmesis - a word or phrase divided into multiple parts with another in between parts e.g. un-freaking-believable
hyponym - a word that is a specific part within a category e.g. red within colours
hypernym - a word that is a category for more specific words e.g. colour for red
adjacency pair - when a speaker’s utterance requires a response in turn-taking
intensifier - emphasises something, used to strengthen adjectives or adverbs e.g. really, very
qualifier - expresses quality, extent e.g. quite, fairly
discourse marker - manages flow and structure e.g. like, you know
interpolation - remark interjected into conversation
unmarked term - default term e.g. actor
marked term - suffixes to change meaning, make feminine e.g. actress
indirect command - wh- imperative e.g. why don’t you…
anaphora - repetition if a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence e.g. it was the… it was the… it was the…
hyperbole - exaggeration for comedic effect e.g. this taco is hotter than the sun
epizeuxis - same word or phrase repeated in succession in the same sentence / line
dipthong - vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds
adjunct - non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted
multimodality - two or more modes e.g. image and text
mitigated directive - suggestion rather than direct command
interjection - expresses spontaneous reaction e.g. exclamation, hesitation
hypophora - when a rhetorical question is immediately followed by an answer
lexical ambiguity - presence of two more possible meanings within a single word e.g. she is looking for a match
malapropism - mistaken use of a word that sounds similar e.g. pacific / specific