Untitled Flashcards Set

India-Related Terms:

1. Indian National Congress (INC)
   Founded in 1885, the INC initially sought reforms within British rule but evolved into the leading organization for Indian independence by 1947, driven by figures like Gandhi and Nehru.

2. Mohandas K. Gandhi
   Indian leader (1869–1948) who championed nonviolent resistance against British rule, using strategies like the Salt March and Quit India Movement to mobilize millions.

3. Ahimsa & Satyagraha
   Ahimsa: Nonviolence, a core Hindu and Jain principle Gandhi adopted. Satyagraha: His philosophy of "truth-force," a nonviolent resistance method to confront injustice and inspire change.

4. India Act (Government of India Act 1935)
   A British law granting limited self-governance to India, establishing provincial autonomy and a federal structure, though it fell short of full independence, prompting further resistance.

5. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
   Leader of the All-India Muslim League, Jinnah (1876–1948) advocated for Muslim rights and, later, a separate Pakistan, diverging from Congress’s vision of a united India.

China-Related Terms:

6. Sun Yatsen / Three Principles of the People
   Sun (1866–1925), a Chinese revolutionary, founded the Guomindang and proposed nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood as guiding principles for modernizing China.

7. May Fourth Movement
   A 1919 Chinese student-led protest against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence, sparking cultural and political reform, including the rise of communism.

8. Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
   Formed in 1921, the CCP, influenced by Marxism, grew under leaders like Mao Zedong, eventually leading China’s communist revolution.

9. Mao Zedong
   CCP leader (1893–1976) who shaped China’s communist trajectory, notably through the Long March and later the People’s Republic of China (1949).

10. Guomindang (Kuomintang, KMT)
    The Nationalist Party, led by Sun Yatsen and later Jiang Jieshi, aimed to unify China but clashed with the CCP, losing the civil war by 1949.

11. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
    KMT leader (1887–1975) after Sun, he fought the CCP and Japanese, ruling China until retreating to Taiwan in 1949 after defeat.

12. Long March
    A 1934–1935 retreat by CCP forces, covering over 6,000 miles, solidifying Mao’s leadership and the party’s resilience against KMT suppression.

Japan-Related Terms:

13. Inukai Tsuyoshi
    Japanese Prime Minister (1855–1932) assassinated by militarists in 1932, marking the decline of civilian rule and rise of military dominance.

14. “Mukden Incident”
    A 1931 staged explosion by Japanese forces in Manchuria, used as a pretext to invade and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo, escalating militarism.

Africa-Related Terms:

15. Mumbo Cult
    A Kenyan anti-colonial religious movement in the early 20th century, resisting British rule and Christian missions through spiritual defiance.

16. Jomo Kenyatta
    Kenyan nationalist (1897–1978) who led the independence movement, becoming Kenya’s first president in 1963, blending local and Pan-African ideals.

17. Pan-Africanism
    A movement advocating unity and liberation for African peoples globally, championed by figures like Kenyatta and Garvey against colonial oppression.

18. Marcus Garvey
    Jamaican activist (1887–1940) who promoted Black pride and a "back to Africa" movement, influencing Pan-Africanism and racial consciousness.

Latin America & Related Terms:

19. Fidel Castro
    Cuban revolutionary (1926–2016) who, though later prominent, began resisting imperialism in the 1950s, overthrowing Batista in 1959 with socialist ideals.

20. Jose Carlos Mariategui
    Peruvian Marxist (1894–1930) who critiqued capitalism and colonialism, advocating socialism tailored to Indigenous realities.

21. Victor Raul Haya de la Torre
    Peruvian politician (1895–1979) who founded APRA, a populist anti-imperialist party, challenging U.S. influence in Latin America.

22. Diego Rivera
    Mexican artist (1886–1957) whose murals celebrated Indigenous culture and critiqued capitalism, reflecting revolutionary sentiments.

23. Augusto Cesar Sandino
    Nicaraguan rebel (1895–1934) who fought U.S. occupation (1927–1933), inspiring anti-imperialist resistance in Latin America.

24. “Dollar Diplomacy”
    U.S. policy in the early 20th century using economic power (loans, investments) to exert influence, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean.

25. Getulio Dornelles Vargas
    Brazilian president (1930–1945, 1951–1954) who centralized power, modernized the economy, and balanced nationalism with foreign interests.

26. “Good Neighbor Policy”
    A 1930s U.S. initiative under Roosevelt to reduce intervention in Latin America, fostering cooperation over dominance.

27. Anastacio Somoza Garcia
    Nicaraguan dictator (1896–1956) who seized power in 1937 with U.S. backing, ruling repressively until his assassination.

28. Lazaro Cardenas
    Mexican president (1934–1940) who nationalized oil, redistributed land, and resisted foreign economic control, notably against the United Fruit Company.

29. Carmen Miranda
    Brazilian entertainer (1909–1955) whose Hollywood fame symbolized Latin American cultural export, tied to U.S.-Latin American relations.

30. United Fruit Company
    A U.S. corporation dominating Central American agriculture, exemplifying economic imperialism and sparking resistance (e.g., Sandino, Cardenas).