Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen - ratio 1:2:1
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Eg. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides
Eg. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltase
Glycosidic Linkage
Cellulose: found in cell wall in plants (we can’t break down the beta linkage)
Chitin: fungi cell wall + exoskeleton of arthropods
Starch: storage in plants (we can break the alpha linkage)
Glycogen: storage in animals
Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Monomer: Amino Acid
amine group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, r group
Bond: peptide bond (covalent bond) (between carboxyl and amine groups)
Levels of Proteins structure
Primary:
bond: peptide bonds between amino acids
structure: string of amino acids
Secondary
Bond: hydrogen bonds between backbone
Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary
Bond: Any (hydrogen, covalent, ionic) between R groups
Structure: Final 3D structure
Quaternary
Bond: Any between R groups of different polypeptides
R groups
can be hydrophilic (exterior), hydrophobic (interior), or charged (exterior)
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, and P
Monomer: Nucleotide
Phosphate group (always negatively charged), nitrogenous base, pentose sugar
Bond: phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxyl)
Anti-parallel - 5’ to 3’
A + T = two bonds
G+C = three bonds
5’ phosphate group - 3’ hydroxyl group
Pyrimidine - single ring - C, U, T
Lipids
C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids)
ONLY NONPOLAR
Monomer: N/A
Fats
Saturated fatty acid:
all single bonds
each carbon is saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated fatty acid
at least one double bond
not all carbons are saturated with hydrogen
Phospholipids
Hydrophilic head - outside of membrane
Hydrophobic tail - inside
assembles into a bilayer - hydrophobic core
Steroids
four fused rings
intracellular reception
Water properties
Polar
polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule
hydrogen bond - attraction bond - between water molecules
Cohesion/Adhesion
Water is attracted to other water molecules
Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules
together leads to capillary action
Universal Solvent
dissolve anything charged/polar
Surface Tension
cohesion → surface on top of the water
Less Dense when Solid
Hydrogen bonds inhabit compaction
Ice floats; temperature buffer
High Specific Heat
Water must absorb or release a large amount of energy to change by 1 degree
helps regulate body temp and costal regions
Evaporative cooling
heat makes water break hydrogen bonds and evaporate
pH