AP Review

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

• Carbohydrates

  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen - ratio 1:2:1

  • Monomer: Monosaccharide

    • Eg. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

  • Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides

    • Eg. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltase

    • Glycosidic Linkage

  • Cellulose: found in cell wall in plants (we can’t break down the beta linkage)

  • Chitin: fungi cell wall + exoskeleton of arthropods

  • Starch: storage in plants (we can break the alpha linkage)

  • Glycogen: storage in animals

• Proteins

  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

  • Monomer: Amino Acid

    • amine group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, r group

    • Bond: peptide bond (covalent bond) (between carboxyl and amine groups)

  • Levels of Proteins structure

    • Primary:

      • bond: peptide bonds between amino acids

      • structure: string of amino acids

    • Secondary

      • Bond: hydrogen bonds between backbone

      • Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

    • Tertiary

      • Bond: Any (hydrogen, covalent, ionic) between R groups

      • Structure: Final 3D structure

    • Quaternary

      • Bond: Any between R groups of different polypeptides

  • R groups

    • can be hydrophilic (exterior), hydrophobic (interior), or charged (exterior)

• Nucleic Acids

  • C, H, O, N, and P

  • Monomer: Nucleotide

    • Phosphate group (always negatively charged), nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

  • Bond: phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxyl)

  • Anti-parallel - 5’ to 3’

  • A + T = two bonds

  • G+C = three bonds

  • 5’ phosphate group - 3’ hydroxyl group

  • Pyrimidine - single ring - C, U, T

• Lipids

  • C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids)

  • ONLY NONPOLAR

  • Monomer: N/A

  • Fats

    • Saturated fatty acid:

      • all single bonds

      • each carbon is saturated with hydrogen

    • Unsaturated fatty acid

      • at least one double bond

      • not all carbons are saturated with hydrogen

  • Phospholipids

    • Hydrophilic head - outside of membrane

    • Hydrophobic tail - inside

    • assembles into a bilayer - hydrophobic core

  • Steroids

    • four fused rings

    • intracellular reception

• Water properties

  • Polar

    • polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule

    • hydrogen bond - attraction bond - between water molecules

      • Cohesion/Adhesion

        • Water is attracted to other water molecules

        • Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules

        • together leads to capillary action

      • Universal Solvent

        • dissolve anything charged/polar

      • Surface Tension

        • cohesion → surface on top of the water

  • Less Dense when Solid

    • Hydrogen bonds inhabit compaction

    • Ice floats; temperature buffer

  • High Specific Heat

    • Water must absorb or release a large amount of energy to change by 1 degree

      • helps regulate body temp and costal regions

    • Evaporative cooling

      • heat makes water break hydrogen bonds and evaporate

  • pH