AP Review

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

  • Carbohydrates

    • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen - ratio 1:2:1

    • Monomer: Monosaccharide

      • Eg. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

    • Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides

      • Eg. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltase

      • Glycosidic Linkage

    • Cellulose: found in cell wall in plants (we can’t break down the beta linkage)

    • Chitin: fungi cell wall + exoskeleton of arthropods

    • Starch: storage in plants (we can break the alpha linkage)

    • Glycogen: storage in animals

  • Proteins

    • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

    • Monomer: Amino Acid

      • amine group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, r group

      • Bond: peptide bond (covalent bond) (between carboxyl and amine groups)

    • Levels of Proteins structure

      • Primary:

        • bond: peptide bonds between amino acids

        • structure: string of amino acids

      • Secondary

        • Bond: hydrogen bonds between backbone

        • Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

      • Tertiary

        • Bond: Any (hydrogen, covalent, ionic) between R groups

        • Structure: Final 3D structure

      • Quaternary

        • Bond: Any between R groups of different polypeptides

    • R groups

      • can be hydrophilic (exterior), hydrophobic (interior), or charged (exterior)

  • Nucleic Acids

    • C, H, O, N, and P

    • Monomer: Nucleotide

      • Phosphate group (always negatively charged), nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

    • Bond: phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxyl)

    • Anti-parallel - 5’ to 3’

    • A + T = two bonds

    • G+C = three bonds

    • 5’ phosphate group - 3’ hydroxyl group

    • Pyrimidine - single ring - C, U, T

  • Lipids

    • C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids)

    • ONLY NONPOLAR

    • Monomer: N/A

    • Fats

      • Saturated fatty acid:

        • all single bonds

        • each carbon is saturated with hydrogen

      • Unsaturated fatty acid

        • at least one double bond

        • not all carbons are saturated with hydrogen

    • Phospholipids

      • Hydrophilic head - outside of membrane

      • Hydrophobic tail - inside

      • assembles into a bilayer - hydrophobic core

    • Steroids

      • four fused rings

      • intracellular reception

  • Water properties

    • Polar

      • polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule

      • hydrogen bond - attraction bond - between water molecules

        • Cohesion/Adhesion

          • Water is attracted to other water molecules

          • Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules

          • together leads to capillary action

        • Universal Solvent

          • dissolve anything charged/polar

        • Surface Tension

          • cohesion → surface on top of the water

    • Less Dense when Solid

      • Hydrogen bonds inhabit compaction

      • Ice floats; temperature buffer

    • High Specific Heat

      • Water must absorb or release a large amount of energy to change by 1 degree

        • helps regulate body temp and costal regions

      • Evaporative cooling

        • heat makes water break hydrogen bonds and evaporate

    • pH

robot