Untitled Flashcards Set

Causes of French Revolution

• Enlightenment ideals

  • questions absolutism

  • social hierarchy

  • Locke: life, liberty, property

• Social inequality

  • 1st Estate: clergy (1-2%)

  • 2nd Estate: nobility (3-5%)

  • 3rd Estate: everyone else (93-96%)

  • 3rd Estate: nearly all taxes

• American Revolution

  • taxation without

  • inspiration: revolt can be successful

• Economics

  • cost of bread

  • years of famine, drought

  • debt: Versailles, American revolution, wars of Louis XIV

• Ancien Regime (Old Order)

  • Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette: incompetent

  • suspicious of the Austrian queen#Swag

• Louis XVI agrees to double number of reps in 3rd estate, but refuses to give each member an individual vote

• Asks to discuss cahiers de doleances (list of grievances)

Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

• “First, what is the Third Estate?”

• “Second, what has it been heretofore in the political order?”

• “Third, what does it demand?”

The Tennis Court Oath (1791)

• June 17, 1798: National Assembly

• June 20: Tennis Court Oath

• June 23: Louis XVI agrees to some reforms  - abolishes taille, corvee, and lettres de cachet, convene Estates-General

• June 27: National Constituent Assembly

The Bastille: 14 July, 1789

• August 21: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Women’s March on Versailles: 4-5 October, 1789

• 10K women; demanded Louis XVI give them bread; Louis agrees to the demands in the Declaration of the Rights and Citizen

• Changes course of Revolution: King bows to popular political will

National Assembly 1789-1791:

NA set out to now create a constitutional monarchy

• Louis/King was now “king of the French” not “king of France”

• Also turned their attention to the Church

  • Ended the tithe

  • Church property became “national property” - 400 M francs of land!

• NA creates the Civil Constitution of the French Clergy

  • Abolished religious orders, made church officials a department of government

  • Priests had to swear loyalty to Revolution

• Changes course of Revolution (again) - led to growth of counter-revolutionary movement

Constitution of 1791:

• Officially a constitutional monarchy

• Gave right to vote, through, to men with set amount of money

• Citizenship to Protestants and Jews

• Abolished slavery in France, but not Colonies

• Free trade

• Changed family law, divorce, inheritance, child support

Maximilien Robespierre

• Political clubs and the sans-culottes:

• “without britches”

• Demanded equality

• Against those who had too much or didn’t work for a living (rents!)

• Jacobins: faction that gave up on a constitutional monarchy

Georges Danton

• August, 1791: Declaration of Pillnitz issued by Austria and Prussia: no harm should come to Louis XVI or Marie A.

• The new Legislative Assembly meets in October 1791

• “Left” Republicans dominate the “right’ monarchists

• Votes itself out of existence: becomes National Convention

• Jean-Paul Marat, publisher of Friend of the People

Work of the National Convention

War: Repel Austria and Prussia; invade Austrian Netherlands

1794 - France winning war

• Why are the French winning?

• Patriotism

• Total war

• Fear

July 1794 - Thermidorian Reaction; Robespierre guillotined

Directory -  1795-1799: (another new) Constitution of 1795

• Bicameral legislature + 5 member executive branch, the Directory

• Replaced UMS with propertied male voters only

1799 - coup d’etat: “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword.” - Napoleon

1799 - Napoleon named first consul 

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Napoleon Bonaparte 

• 1769-1821

  • Treaty of Campo Formio (1797):

  • w/ Austria France gained lands in Italy, Austrian Netherlands, Venetia

• July📅 1798

  • defeats Egypt at Battle of Pyramids

• August 1798

  • Loses to Nelson at battle of the Nile

• Concordat (1801):

  • Catholicism✝ became national religion but gave up land claims

  • gave freedom of religion to Jews and Protestants✝

Napoleonic Wars 

• 1802-1804: Fought against Haitian independence 

• 1803: Louisiana Purchase

• 1805: 3rd Coalition (russia, austria, Britain)

  • Battle of Trafalgar - Lord Horatio Nelson defeats Napoleon

    • Last chance for French invasion of England

• Napoleon defeated Austrians at Ulm, Russians and Austrians at Austerlitz

  • Austria loses territory in Italy and Dalmatia

  • Napoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine; no more HRE

• defeats Prussia at Jena; defeats Russia at Friedland in 1807

• Treaty of Tilsit: Prussia loses territory in West Germany and Poland; France

Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson

• Nelson defeated Napoleon at Trafalgar

• Nelson splits French navy in two; French routed

• Great Britain’s supremacy on seas is confirmed

• Continental System

Jacques Louis David - Napoleon in his Study (1812)

• Why so effective?

  • Master of troop deployment

  • “Ability to organize, oversee, and assure the supply of and communication between large armies than had ever been assembled”

  • Ability to select and prompt able marshals

  • Ability to inspire officers and foot soldiers

  • Strategic use of battle formations and artillery

  • Faster than any other army

  • Intense loyalty

Napoleon’s Domestic Achievements:

• created bank of France in 1800

• 1808: created first public university system

• increased number of indirect taxes

• social hierarchy was no base on service to the state, not on blood

• brother Jerome: Westphalia

• stepson Eugene de Beauharnais: northern Italy 

• brother Louis: king of Holland

• brother Joseph: king of Naples and Spain

Napoleonic Code:

• Codified the equality of all people before law and freedom of religion

• Also made women and children property of men

• Equal inheritance for all children

Stirrings of Nationalism

1. Napoleonic era saw quickening of German, Italian nationalism

2. “double-edged sword” of nationalism

• Napoleon sought out favor in each conquered state in exchange for support against enemies

• Saw territories as sources for conscription, raw materials, and markets for French goods

• Abolished serfdom in Prussia and Austria

3. Strongest development of nationalistic feeling was in Germany

• Writers began to argue people of German states shared a common culture, language, tradition, history

4. Spain also began to see French as invaders

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1. June 1812: “Grand Army” of over 600,000 invades Russia

2. Borodino on September 7; entered Moscow on September 14

3. Retreat began October 19

4. 40,000 made it back to France

5. “The health of the emperor has never been better” - December 18

• asks for 350,000 new troops

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Waterloo, June 1815

• June 1813: Russia, Austria, England, and Prussia unite

• 1814: Propose peace if NB accepts France’s natural borders

• March 1814: Coalition takes Paris

• Napoleon abdicates on April 6, 1814

• Treaty of Fontainebleau: Napoleon exiled to Elba

• Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII becomes king on May 3, 1814

• Treaty of Paris: France left with Savoy, parts of Germany, Austrian Netherlands

• March 1815: “100 days”

• Waterloo: June 18, 1815

Romanticism

• Emphasizes imagination and emotion in personal development

  • Early Romanticists rejected Enlightenment rationalism

  • Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress): rebellion against Enlightenment thought

• Appealed to the imagination and a spirit of individuality

• Interested in showing life as they thought is should be, not how it was

• Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity

• Valued emotion and instinct above reason and logic

  • Romantics demanded artistic freedom 

• Painters sought to convey feeling through the depiction of helplessness of the individual confronted by the power of nature

• Freedom was defined as the unleashing of the senses and passion of the soul 

Famous Romantic Painters

• Eugene Delacroix

• John Constable

• J.M.W. Turner

• C.D. Friedrich

Romantic Writers

• Sir Walter Scott: Ivanhoe

• Grimm Brothers

• Goethe: Faust

• James Fenimore Cooper

• Washington Irving:

  • Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Romantic Poets

• William Wordsworth

• John Keats

• Lord Byron

Romantic Composers:

• Ludwig van Beethoven

• Tchaikovsky

• Giuseppe Verdi

• Frederic Chopin

• Johannes Brahms

Congress of Vienna:

• Foreign Secretary Robert Castlereagh (England)

• Foreign Minister Charles Maruice de Talleyrand (France)

• Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (England)

• Austrian Foreign Minister, Metternich

  • Believed liberalism had led to a generation of war

  • Feared rise of nationalism

• King Frederick Wilhelm III and Karl August von Hardenburg (Prussia)

• Tsar Alexander I of Russia

The Principles of Congress of Vienna

• The countries that had suffered the most at the hands of Napoleon had to be paid back for what they had lost

• The balance of power had to be restored in Europe, so that no single nation would become too powerful

• All decisions would follow the rule of legitimacy, which meant that all former ruling families should be restored to their thrones

The Results of Congress of Vienna

Balance of Power in Europe

• Russia got finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland

• Switzerland was declared neutral

• Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy

• Britain got several strategic colonial territories and they also gained control of the seas

• Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province

• Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII

Dealing with France

• France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon

• France was restored under the reign of Louis XVIII