ap psychology unit 7

Big Five Trait theory - canoe or ocean: conscientiousness, agreeable, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Cannon-Bard theory - stimuli causes emotion and physiological reaction simultaneously

James Lange theory - stimuli then physiological stimuli then emotion

schachter singer theory - stimuli then physiological reaction then cognition then emotion

Lazarus theory - stimuli then cognition then simultaneous physical and emotion

zajoni theory - some embodied responses happen instantly without conscious arousal

Carl Jung - placed his emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. believed to have a collective INNATE knowledge; common reservoir derived from our species universal experiences

Carl Rogers - humanistic theory; person centered perspective; held that a growth promoting climate required three conditions; congruence in that others’ positive regards for us aligns with our own self-evaluations; unconditional positive regard (acceptance); empathetic understanding; real self and ideal self

collectivism - giving priority to the goals of one’s group / often ones extended family or work group and defining ones identity accordingly

individualism - giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

displacement - coping mechanism (psychodynamic / psychoanalytic perspective of psychology) displace frustration over one aspect of life that isn’t going well to another part of life

false consensus effect - tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs about our behaviors; leads to an instability in objective tests where the individual is asked to answer questions about themselves; self-serving bias works into this as people often see themselves as correct and would rather acknowledge their own successes from an internal source and their failures from an external forces ( low narcissism)

id - the primal, unconscious mind, animal or child-like behavior which seeks instant gratification; no restraint; pleasure principle

ego - works to balance the superego and the id; this is the realistic principle; seeks to gratify in acceptable ways (socially acceptable, intellectually acceptable, culturally acceptable, etc) delayed gratification; listens to what the id wants, does it the way the ego wants; considers the real and the ideal.

superego - mostly unconscious, moral compass, restraints according to social expectations, consequences, etc. conscience; strives for perfection; other extreme across from the id

psychosexual stage - each stage must resolve some form of energy conflict; if resolved, development of personality continues toward the next stage; if not resolved, then fixation occurs on that stage (sucking chewing etc) and continues well into adulthood

oral stage - 0-18 months; babies focus most of their pleasure seeking energies on sucking, chewing, using their mouth to explore etc

anal - 15-36 months; focuses on bowl and bladder or the pleasure gained from controlling a part of ones body that they were unable to control before

pheliac - 3-6 years; children begin to identify; separate sex by looking to their parents

latency - 6-puberty; phase of dominant sexual feelings that they only think of

genital - puberty onwards; focuses on maturation of sexual interests and actual activity

free association - type of method introduced by Freud in which the patient answers everything that comes to mind and is entirely truthful; exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) - stress coping stages; stage 1 is alarm reaction in which stress resistance is really low; stage 2 is resistance in which one copes with stressor by thugging it out but it doesn’t last long which leads to…; stage 3 is exhaustion in which resistance reserves are depleted

hunger motivation/hormones - physiological drives; Maslow first base; incentive is hunger essentially; we eat, then blood glucose levels go up, insulin is released by pancreas, insulin allows glucose to enter cells for energy and the rest go into the liver as storage, then we don’t eat and then pancreas releases glucagon to go to liver which releases glucose that enters cells and creates energy

insulin - secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

grhelin - secreted by empty stomach; sends “im hungry” signals to thebrain

orexin - hunger triggering hormone produced by the hypothalamus

leptin - protein hormone produced by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

pyy - digestive tract hormone; sends “im not hungry” signals to brain

inferiority complex/Adler - agreed childhood is important but believed childhood is social not sexual; proposed the idea of the inferiority complex

inferiority complex - one believes they are less than others; invidivuals are born believing they are less than others and growth occurs from constantly striving to make up for real or perceived inferior aspects of their personality

Karen Horney - agreed childhood is important but believed childhood is social not sexual; childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security; disagreed with freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy;” attempted to balance freud’s view of psychology by womb envy

Maslow’s hierarchy - first stage is physiological needs such as hunger, sleep, thirst; second stage is personal safety; third stage is love and need for belonging; fourth stage is self esteem in which one has positive feelings of self worth; fifth stage is self actualization in which one reaches their ideal self and person achievements etc; sixth stage (sometimes left out) is which one has reached their full capacity for self and transcends beyond self-centered values

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify disorders

neo-Freudian theorists - Adler, horney, Jung,

Oedipus complex - boys have sexual desire for their mothers and hatred for rival fathers

optimum arousal - point of arousal or stimulation in which one operates their best

ostracism - extreme form of rejection in which one is secluded and ignored by others; often leads to school violence and anger

oxytocin - feelings of love activate brain reward and safety systems; oxytocin is typically the hormone released “love hormone”

person-situation theory - proposes the question of whether the person or the situation is more reliable when determining behavior or personality; trait theorists believe traits are stable enough to be applicable regardless of situation but others believe that the environment and circumstances are important when deciding personality

sexual response cycle - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

self-concept - all of our own thoughts, feelings, beliefs about ourselves

self-serving bias - the idea that we all like to think of ourselves as better than we really are; apply successes to ourselves and failures to outside stimuli

Thematic Apperception Test - test in which patient is shown images of situations and asked to interpret the story thats going on; believed to be a projective test which reveals the inner workings of a persons mind indirectly by applying their own experiences to what they might perceive happening in the scene

two-factor theory - motivation and hygiene factor govern job satisfaction