Chapter 41: The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation
List the levels of organization in animal bodies
Identify the tissue types found in vertebrates
Tissues- groups of cells of a single type and function
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Organs- self contained structures with discrete borders
Organ System- a group of organs that cooperate to perform the major animal bodily functions
Organs and organ systems provide specialized functions
Describe the structure and function of an epithelium
Illustrated the cell types found in epithelial tissue
Compare the structure and function of different epithelia
Epithelial structure determines its function
Simple epithelium has one layer
Stratified epithelium has layers
Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered but is not
Glands are composed of epithelial tissues that produce metabolic products and secrete them into ducts or body fluid
Describe the structure and function of connective tissue
Differentiate among forms of connective tissue
List the cells that make connective tissue
The cells in most connective tissue are not in contact with each other and are supported by a vast amount of extracellular material called the matrix
Connective tissue proper
Special connective tissues
May be either loose or dense
Loose Connective- consists of cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of the ground substance
Adipose Cells (fat tissue)- important for nutrient
Dense Connective Tissue- contains tightly packed collagen fibers making it stronger than loose connective tissues
Special Connective Tissues have unique characteristics
Cartilage- specialized connective tissue in which the ground substance forms a characteristic type of glycoprotein, called chondroitin
Bone- the matrix in bone tissue is composed of calcium phosphate crystals
Bone Cells (Osteocytes)- remain alive even though the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals
Blood- we classify blood as a connective tissue because it contains abundant extracelluar material, the fluid plasma
Identify the unique features of muscle cells
Differentiate among the three kinds of muscle cells
Characterized by the ability to generate a force by converting chemical energy into mechanical energy
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
Occurs in the organs of the internal environment, or viscera
Not controlled by conscious thought
Moves the body
Is controlled by conscious thought
The heart is composed of cardiac muscle and is the only place cardiac muscle is found
Describe the basic structure of neurons
Describe the function of neuroglial cells
Neurons- elongated cells that conduct electrical impulses
Neuroglia- provide support for neurons by holding them in place, aiding in nourishment, and providing protection
Identify the different organ systems in vertebrates
Explain the functional organizations of these systems
We approach the organ systems by placing them in the following functional groupings:
Communication and integration
Support and movement
Regulation and maintenance
Defense
Reproduction and development
Sense and respond to the environment
The nervous system
Sensory systems
The endocrine system
Skeletal support and movement are vital to all animals
The musculoskeletal system consists of two interrelated organ systems
Regulation and the maintenance of the body’s chemistry ensures continued life
The Digestive System- includes how we eat, absorb nutrients, and eliminate solid wastes
The Circulatory System- contains the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood, carrying nutrients and other and other substances throughout the body
The Respiratory System- helps the body acquire oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
The Urinary System- helps vertebrates regulate the concentration of their body fluids
The body can defend itself from attackers and invaders
The Integumentary System- (skin) the first line of defense
The Immune System- responds to any invaders that penetrate the first defense
Reproduction and development ensure continuity of the species
The reproductive system is responsible for biological continuity
Explain homeostasis
Illustrate how negative feedback can limit a response
Illustrate how antagonistic effectors can maintain a system at a set point
Negative Feedback- serves to maintain a “normal” status of a variable
Negative feedback mechanisms keep values within a range
It is a common biochemical mechanism where the end result of a process feeds back to a limit the process
Explain Q10 and its significance
Describe the classification of organisms based on temperature regulation
Describe mechanisms for temperature homeostasis
Q10- is a measure of temperature sensitivity
The ration between the rates of a reaction at two temperatures that differ by 10 degrees C is called the Q10 for the enzyme
Temperature is determined by internal and external factors
External Factors:
Music
Lighting
Temperature
Humidity
Internal Factors:
Excitement
Enjoyment
Anxiety
Fear
Changes in temperature can effect level of mental concentration and performance
Organisms are classified based on heat source
Organisms that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain their temperatures above the ambient temperature are called endotherms
Endotherms create internal metabolic heat for conservation or dissipation
Body size and insulation (smaller animals have a higher metabolism)
Animals with a relatively low metabolic rate that do not use metabolism to produce heat are called ectotherms
Ectotherms regulate temperature using behavior
Thermogenesis- when temperature falls below a critical lower threshold, an animal may resort to thermogenesis, the use of normal metabolism to produce heat
Mammalian thermoregulation is controlled by the hypothalamus
List four main types of tissue
Four levels of organization
Eleven body systems
List the levels of organization in animal bodies
Identify the tissue types found in vertebrates
Tissues- groups of cells of a single type and function
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Organs- self contained structures with discrete borders
Organ System- a group of organs that cooperate to perform the major animal bodily functions
Organs and organ systems provide specialized functions
Describe the structure and function of an epithelium
Illustrated the cell types found in epithelial tissue
Compare the structure and function of different epithelia
Epithelial structure determines its function
Simple epithelium has one layer
Stratified epithelium has layers
Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered but is not
Glands are composed of epithelial tissues that produce metabolic products and secrete them into ducts or body fluid
Describe the structure and function of connective tissue
Differentiate among forms of connective tissue
List the cells that make connective tissue
The cells in most connective tissue are not in contact with each other and are supported by a vast amount of extracellular material called the matrix
Connective tissue proper
Special connective tissues
May be either loose or dense
Loose Connective- consists of cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of the ground substance
Adipose Cells (fat tissue)- important for nutrient
Dense Connective Tissue- contains tightly packed collagen fibers making it stronger than loose connective tissues
Special Connective Tissues have unique characteristics
Cartilage- specialized connective tissue in which the ground substance forms a characteristic type of glycoprotein, called chondroitin
Bone- the matrix in bone tissue is composed of calcium phosphate crystals
Bone Cells (Osteocytes)- remain alive even though the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals
Blood- we classify blood as a connective tissue because it contains abundant extracelluar material, the fluid plasma
Identify the unique features of muscle cells
Differentiate among the three kinds of muscle cells
Characterized by the ability to generate a force by converting chemical energy into mechanical energy
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
Occurs in the organs of the internal environment, or viscera
Not controlled by conscious thought
Moves the body
Is controlled by conscious thought
The heart is composed of cardiac muscle and is the only place cardiac muscle is found
Describe the basic structure of neurons
Describe the function of neuroglial cells
Neurons- elongated cells that conduct electrical impulses
Neuroglia- provide support for neurons by holding them in place, aiding in nourishment, and providing protection
Identify the different organ systems in vertebrates
Explain the functional organizations of these systems
We approach the organ systems by placing them in the following functional groupings:
Communication and integration
Support and movement
Regulation and maintenance
Defense
Reproduction and development
Sense and respond to the environment
The nervous system
Sensory systems
The endocrine system
Skeletal support and movement are vital to all animals
The musculoskeletal system consists of two interrelated organ systems
Regulation and the maintenance of the body’s chemistry ensures continued life
The Digestive System- includes how we eat, absorb nutrients, and eliminate solid wastes
The Circulatory System- contains the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood, carrying nutrients and other and other substances throughout the body
The Respiratory System- helps the body acquire oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
The Urinary System- helps vertebrates regulate the concentration of their body fluids
The body can defend itself from attackers and invaders
The Integumentary System- (skin) the first line of defense
The Immune System- responds to any invaders that penetrate the first defense
Reproduction and development ensure continuity of the species
The reproductive system is responsible for biological continuity
Explain homeostasis
Illustrate how negative feedback can limit a response
Illustrate how antagonistic effectors can maintain a system at a set point
Negative Feedback- serves to maintain a “normal” status of a variable
Negative feedback mechanisms keep values within a range
It is a common biochemical mechanism where the end result of a process feeds back to a limit the process
Explain Q10 and its significance
Describe the classification of organisms based on temperature regulation
Describe mechanisms for temperature homeostasis
Q10- is a measure of temperature sensitivity
The ration between the rates of a reaction at two temperatures that differ by 10 degrees C is called the Q10 for the enzyme
Temperature is determined by internal and external factors
External Factors:
Music
Lighting
Temperature
Humidity
Internal Factors:
Excitement
Enjoyment
Anxiety
Fear
Changes in temperature can effect level of mental concentration and performance
Organisms are classified based on heat source
Organisms that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain their temperatures above the ambient temperature are called endotherms
Endotherms create internal metabolic heat for conservation or dissipation
Body size and insulation (smaller animals have a higher metabolism)
Animals with a relatively low metabolic rate that do not use metabolism to produce heat are called ectotherms
Ectotherms regulate temperature using behavior
Thermogenesis- when temperature falls below a critical lower threshold, an animal may resort to thermogenesis, the use of normal metabolism to produce heat
Mammalian thermoregulation is controlled by the hypothalamus
List four main types of tissue
Four levels of organization
Eleven body systems