Untitled Flashcards Set

AP Human Geography - Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development

Condensed Study Sheet

7.1 The Industrial Revolution

• Began in the late 1700s in the UK, spread globally.

• Led to urbanization, population growth, and economic shifts.

• New industrial regions: UK (textiles/steel), Western Europe (coal, iron), US (cotton, steel), China (cheap labor, exports).

• Colonialism & Imperialism expanded as industrial nations sought raw materials and markets.

7.2 Economic Sectors & Development

• Primary: Raw materials (fishing, mining).

• Secondary: Manufacturing (factories).

• Tertiary: Services (retail, tourism).

• Quaternary: Knowledge (tech, finance).

• Quinary: High-level decision-making (CEOs, government).

• Weber’s Least Cost Theory: Industries locate to minimize transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

• Bulk-reducing industries: Located near raw materials (copper, steel).

• Bulk-gaining industries: Located near markets (beverages, cars).

7.3 Measures of Development

• GDP, GNP, GNI: Economic indicators of development.

• HDI (Human Development Index): Life expectancy, education, income.

• Gender Inequality Index (GII): Measures gender disparity in economic & political participation.

• Gini Coefficient: Measures income inequality (higher number = more inequality).

• LDCs rely on primary activities, while MDCs have more tertiary and quaternary jobs.

7.4 Women & Economic Development

• More women in workforce, but wage and job opportunity gaps persist.

• Microloans help women start businesses.

• Gender gap affects education, political representation, and wages.

7.5 Theories of Development

• Rostow’s Model: Five stages of growth from agrarian societies to consumer economies.

• Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: Core (MDCs), Semi-Periphery (industrializing), Periphery (LDCs dependent on core).

• Dependency Theory: LDCs remain poor due to reliance on MDCs.

• Brandt Line: North-South divide between MDCs & LDCs.

7.6 Trade & Global Economy

• Comparative advantage: Countries specialize in what they produce best.

• Trade agreements (EU, WTO, OPEC, NAFTA) shape global trade.

• Neoliberal policies favor free markets, reduce government interference.

• Interdependence: Economic growth in one country affects others (e.g., China buys US crops).

7.7 Changes in the Global Economy

• Outsourcing: Jobs move to cheaper labor markets (e.g., maquiladoras in Mexico).

• Economic restructuring: Decline in manufacturing in MDCs, rise in service economies.

• Technopoles: High-tech hubs (Silicon Valley).

• Rust Belt vs. Sun Belt: Deindustrialization shifts jobs from the Northeast to the South.

7.8 Sustainability & Industrialization

• Environmental issues: Air pollution (CO₂, smog), water pollution, deforestation.

• Renewable vs. nonrenewable resources: Coal, oil vs. solar, wind, hydro.

• Sustainable development: Balances economic growth with environmental protection.

• Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism in fragile environments (Costa Rica, Nepal).