Untitled Flashcards Set

AP Human Geography - Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development

Condensed Study Sheet

7.1 The Industrial Revolution

  • Began in the late 1700s in the UK, spread globally.

  • Led to urbanization, population growth, and economic shifts.

  • New industrial regions: UK (textiles/steel), Western Europe (coal, iron), US (cotton, steel), China (cheap labor, exports).

  • Colonialism & Imperialism expanded as industrial nations sought raw materials and markets.

7.2 Economic Sectors & Development

  • Primary: Raw materials (fishing, mining).

  • Secondary: Manufacturing (factories).

  • Tertiary: Services (retail, tourism).

  • Quaternary: Knowledge (tech, finance).

  • Quinary: High-level decision-making (CEOs, government).

  • Weber’s Least Cost Theory: Industries locate to minimize transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

  • Bulk-reducing industries: Located near raw materials (copper, steel).

  • Bulk-gaining industries: Located near markets (beverages, cars).

7.3 Measures of Development

  • GDP, GNP, GNI: Economic indicators of development.

  • HDI (Human Development Index): Life expectancy, education, income.

  • Gender Inequality Index (GII): Measures gender disparity in economic & political participation.

  • Gini Coefficient: Measures income inequality (higher number = more inequality).

  • LDCs rely on primary activities, while MDCs have more tertiary and quaternary jobs.

7.4 Women & Economic Development

  • More women in workforce, but wage and job opportunity gaps persist.

  • Microloans help women start businesses.

  • Gender gap affects education, political representation, and wages.

7.5 Theories of Development

  • Rostow’s Model: Five stages of growth from agrarian societies to consumer economies.

  • Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: Core (MDCs), Semi-Periphery (industrializing), Periphery (LDCs dependent on core).

  • Dependency Theory: LDCs remain poor due to reliance on MDCs.

  • Brandt Line: North-South divide between MDCs & LDCs.

7.6 Trade & Global Economy

  • Comparative advantage: Countries specialize in what they produce best.

  • Trade agreements (EU, WTO, OPEC, NAFTA) shape global trade.

  • Neoliberal policies favor free markets, reduce government interference.

  • Interdependence: Economic growth in one country affects others (e.g., China buys US crops).

7.7 Changes in the Global Economy

  • Outsourcing: Jobs move to cheaper labor markets (e.g., maquiladoras in Mexico).

  • Economic restructuring: Decline in manufacturing in MDCs, rise in service economies.

  • Technopoles: High-tech hubs (Silicon Valley).

  • Rust Belt vs. Sun Belt: Deindustrialization shifts jobs from the Northeast to the South.

7.8 Sustainability & Industrialization

  • Environmental issues: Air pollution (CO₂, smog), water pollution, deforestation.

  • Renewable vs. nonrenewable resources: Coal, oil vs. solar, wind, hydro.

  • Sustainable development: Balances economic growth with environmental protection.

  • Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism in fragile environments (Costa Rica, Nepal).