Review topics

UNIT 1: GLOBAL TAPESTRY

• China & the Song Dynasty

  • Imperial Bureaucracy

    • Meritocracy

    • Civil Service Exam

    • Scholar Gentry class (bureaucrats)

    • Confucianism & Neo-Confucianism

  • Gunpowder

  • Champa Rice from Vietnam → Population growth → Economic POWERHOUSE

    • Grand Canal (connected North & South)

    • Silk Roads, Indian Ocean

    • China had all the best new tech of the time period = paper, silk, gunpowder, compass

  • Foot Binding ← Gender Roles

  • Belief Systems: Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism - also mixed in = Ancestor Worship (Filial Piety)

  • Mandate of Heaven

• Dar al-Islam

  • Circa 1200: Abbasid Caliphate fragmenting & declining

    • New emerging empires led by groups of Turkic origin

    • Mamluks (slaves originally from Cent. Asia)

    • Seljuk Turks

    • Mongols (from Cent. Asian steppe)

    • Ottoman Turks ← still very small at this time

  • Importance of Intellectual Life

    • EX: Baghdad’s House of Wisdom

    • EX: Various intellectual achievements in math, astronomy, medicine, etc.

  • CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

    • Governments changing

    • Intellectual achievements continuing

  • How did Islam spread?

    • Military conquest (Delhi Sultanate)

    • Merchants

    • Missionaries (Sufism ← very successful spreading their mystical form of Islam)

• South Asian states & religions

  • EX: Delhi Sultanate (Muslim)

  • EX: Vijayanagara Empire (Hindu)

• Southeast Asian states & religions

  • Sea-Based states - “thalassocracies”

    • EX: Srivijaya (Buddhist)

  • Land-Based states

    • EX: Khmer Empire (Hindu/Buddhist)

• Development of the Bhakti movement (Hindu mysticism)

• States in the Americas

  • Aztecs (Mexico)

    • Innovations: chinampas farming

    • Tribute system

  • Inca (Peru)

    • Innovations: Mit’a system, Incan road system, agriculture

• States in Africa

  • Mali Empire (Muslim - Mansa Musa)

  • Ethiopia (Christian)

  • Great Zimbabwe

  • Swahili City-States (East African trading states)

• Europe

  • Decentralized government

    • Feudalism

      • Manorial system

  • Power of the Roman Catholic Church (since there was not powerful kings)

NOTES

UNIT 2: NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE

• Silk Roads trade network

  • Traded luxury goods (EX: Silk, Porcelain)

  • Development of trading cities

    • EX: Kashgar, Samarkand

  • Development of money economy

    • Paper money (China)

    • Flying cash

  • Cultural exchange

    • Lots of cultural exchange at caravanserai

      • Religion (Islam, Buddhism)

  • Environmental exchange along trade routes

    • Black Death (East Asia → Europe in 1300s)

    • Citrus

• The Mongols

  • Origin = Genghis Khan

  • Breakdown into 4 Khanates

    • Pax Mongolica (post conquest period)

      • Mongol Protection = Advanced Silk Roads trade

      • Religious tolerance

      • Spread of culture & knowledge

• Indian Ocean trade network

  • Trading luxury & common goods (EX: Ivory & Cotton)

  • Development of new trading states & cities

    • Sultanate of Malacca

    • Swahili city-states

    • Calicut, India

  • Cultural exchange

    • Especially Islam (through Muslim merchants)

    • Voyages of Zheng He (Ming China)

  • Monsoon winds

    • Knowledge helps merchants

    • Major effect = diasporic communities

  • Environmental exchange

    • Bananas to Sub-Saharan Africa (helps nutrition & population growth)

• Trans-Saharan trade networks

  • Sometimes called “Gold-Salt trade”

    • The 2 most important goods traded there

  • Mali Empire rises to power

    • Mansa Musa

    • Timbuktu

    • Islam

  • Innovations

    • Camel saddles

• Traveler’s Tales

  • Knowledge of different cultures come from writers

    • Marco Polo (Silk Roads, Yuan China)

    • Ibn Battuta (Dar al-Islam)

NOTES

UNIT 3: LAND-BASED EMPIRES (1450-1750)

• Gunpowder Empires

  • Expanded using Gunpowder innovations

• Ottoman Empire

  • Develop & Expand

    • Arabia, North Africa, SE Europe

    • Constantinople

  • Consolidate & Legitimize Power

    • Devshirme system

      • Janissaries, Bureaucrats

    • Tax Farming

    • Architecture: Topkapi Palace

  • Belief System

    • Sunni Islam

    • Relatively Tolerant of Christians & Jews

• Safavid Empire

  • Develop & Expands

    • Persia

  • Consolidate & Legitimize

    • Architecture: Isfahan Mosque

  • Belief System

    • Shi’a Islam

    • Rivalry & Wars with Sunni Ottomans

• Mughal Empire

  • Develop & Expand

    • South Asia

  • Consolidate & Legitimize

    • Zamindars (bureaucrats)

    • Architecture: Taj Mahal

  • Belief System

    • Sunni Islam

    • However, were VERY religiously tolerant under Akbar the Great

      • Less tolerant after Akbar

    • Wars vs. Marthas (Hindu)

    • Sikhism Developed

• Ming Dynasty (China)

  • Defeated the Yuan (Mongols) and returned China to ethnic and traditional Chinese rule

  • Expanded Great Wall; Built Forbidden City

  • Major economic power, but eventually became paranoid of internal problems and stopped foreign pursuits (ended Zheng He’s expeditions)

• Qing Dynasty (China)

  • Develop & Expand

    • Manchus Invade from North

    • Expand to Mongolia, Central Asia, Taiwan, Tibet

  • Consolidate & Legitimize

    • Maintain traditional Chinese rule (Mandate of Heaven, Civil Service Exam, Scholar-gentry)

    • Manchus placed at top of social hierarchy

      • Queue haircut required

    • Art: Imperial Portraits

  • Belief Systems

    • Traditional beliefs (Confucianism, Buddhism)

    • Christianity Introduced by European explorers/missionaries (banned in 1600s)

• Japan

  • Develop & Expand

    • Japan had a decentralized feudal system

    • 3 daimyo eventually unify Japan under a single centralized government

      • Tokugawa Shogunate

  • Consolidate & Legitimize

    • Samurai became government bureaucrats

    • Architecture: Edo Castle

• Europe & Russia

  • Develop & Expand

    • Russia expands to the east

  • Consolidate & Legitimize

    • Divine Right of Kings (absolute monarchs)

    • Versailles Palace (France)

    • St. Petersburg (Russia)

  • Belief System

    • Protestant Reformation

      • Martin Luther - 95 Theses

      • Religious Wars (1517-1648)

        • Protestant vs. Catholics (example: Thirty Years War)

NOTES

UNIT 4: MARITIME EMPIRES

• Maritime Technology

  • Old from Asia & Dar al-Islam

    • Astrolabe, Magnetic Compass, Lateen Sails

  • New from Europe

    • New ships designs (Caravel, Fluyt)

    • New knowledge about wind patterns (Navigational charts)

• European motivation for Maritime Exploration

  • Gold, God, Glory

  • Finding a sea route to Asia

• Early Explorations

  • Portugal (Vasco da Gama)

    • Result = trading posts in Africa & Asia, colony in Brazil

  • Spain (Columbus, Magellan)

    • Result = Spanish empire in the Americas, colony in Philippines

  • British, Dutch, French = searching for “northwest passage” to Asia

• Columbian Exchange

  • Transfer of plants, animals, and disease between Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) & New World (Americas)

  • Positives: nutrition improved, animals helped agriculture

  • Negatives: massive indigenous population decline (smallpox, measles)

• Spanish Empire in Americas (New Spain)

  • Conquer the Aztec (Mexico) and Inca (Peru, South America)

  • Use of coerced labor systems against indigenous

    • Encomienda, Hacienda system, Mita

  • Silver (transported on Spanish Galleons)

    • Coerced labor used to mine

    • Manila trading post

    • Commercial Revolution & Price Revolution

  • Casta System (social hierarchy) in New Spain

• Triangular Trade

  • Europe → Africa = finished goods

  • Africa → Americas = slaves (Middle Passage)

  • Americas → Europe = raw materials, finished goods

• Chattel Slavery

  • Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

  • Enslaved Africans used for plantation labor in Americas (plantations = usually cash crops)

• Joint-Stock Companies

  • Start of modern day corporations (stock market)

  • Dutch East India Co. (most profitable company ever)

    • Dominate spice trade

  • British East India Co. (bigger in next time period)

• Effects in Asia & Africa

  • Japan: Sakoku policy (“locked country”), isolationism

  • China: restrict trade, ban Christianity

  • Africa: slave trade initially increased power of some kingdoms (Asante, Kongo), eventually had major negative impact (families, violence)

• Challenges to the growing power of states 

  • (HINT: Understand the general trend of rebellions… you do not need to memorize ALL the rebellions)

    • Americas: Pueblo Revolt (Native American)

    • Caribbean: Maroon Wars (Jamaica/slaves)

    • Europe: Le Fronde (France)

    • Russia: Pugachev’s Rebellion (serfs)

    • Africa: Ana Nzinga’s Rebellion (Angola)

    • Asia: Maratha Rebellions (Mughal/India)

NOTES

UNIT 5: REVOLUTIONS

• Age of Enlightenment

  • Inspired by Scientific Revolution

  • Using reason & logic to improve government & society

  • Early Enlightenment

    • John Locke (England)

  • French Philosophes

    • Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Wollstonecraft

  • Economic

    • Adam Smith (capitalism)

• Age of ISM’s (Ideologies)

  • Conservatism (Tradition) vs. Classical Liberalism (Enlightenment)

  • Socialism, Feminism, Abolitionism, Zionism

• Political Revolutions

  • American Revolution

    • Declaration of Independence

    • Cause= Enlightenment ideals (Locke)

    • Result=first democracy since Classical period, inspired other Revolutions

  • French Revolution

    • Declaration of the Rights of Man

    • Cause= Enlightenment ideals (Rousseau), American Rev, social hierarchy

    • Result= Democracy (sort of…), Individual rights, spread of nationalism

  • Haitian Revolution

    • Slave revolt

    • Toussaint Louverture

    • Cause= Enlightenment ideals, American Rev, French Rev, slavery!

    • Result= first non-slave democracy, economic & social struggles continued

  • Latin American Revolutions

    • Jamaica Letter by Simon Bolivar

    • “Creole Revolution”

    • Cause= Enlightenment ideals, other Revolutions, Casta system

    • Result= Creoles assume power, economic struggles continued

• Industrial Revolution

  • Connection to Enlightenment = Adam Smith 

  • Hand production → Machine production

  • Why did it begin in England?

    • Land, Labor, Capital

  • Where did it spread after England?

  • First Industrial Revolution Tech

    • Textiles

    • Coal, Steam

    • Steam Engine

    • Inventions? (Spinning Jenny, Cotton Gin)

  • Second Industrial Revolution Tech

    • Steel (Bessemer Process)

    • Petroleum, Electricity

    • Automobile, Railroads

    • Telegraph, Telephone, Radio

    • Chemicals

  • Effects on Industrial Society

    • Social Class

      • Working Class

      • Middle Class

        • “Cult of Domesticity”

    • Child Labor

    • Urbanization

      • Tenements, Crime, Sanitation, etc

    • Environmental

      • Pollution, Disease

NOTES