HTH 100

The Physiology of Addiction: 

Addiction- a treatable chronic disease characterized by a compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance despite ongoing negative consequences. Classified by APA as a mental disorder 

Psychological dependence- adaptive state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal if the behavior stops. 

CYCLE OF ADDICTION 

• Compulsion 

• Loss of control 

• Negative consequences 

• Denial 

• Inability to abstain 

A habit can be broken addiction is repetitive and compulsive and creates discomfort when not occurring 

Process addictions are behaviors known to be addictive because they are mood altering 

Ex: gambling compulsive buying, compulsive exercise, compulsive internet or technology. 

Risk Factors: 

Biopsychosocial Model of addiction- proposes addiction caused by multiple factors 

Complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social 

Social (environmental) influences: 

• Culture- views and values 

• Family involvement or disruptions 

• Social isolation 

• Community- accessibility 

• Media 

• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: learn behaviors by watching role models (modeling) 

How drugs affect the Brain 

• Individuals can produce less dopamine predisposing the to addiction 

Routes of administration 

• Oral ingestion: through mouth 

• Inhalation: through respiratory tract 

• Injection(needles): into bloodstream, muscle, and just under skin 

• Transdermal: through skin 

• Suppositories: through vagina or anus 

Drug Interactions 

• Polydrug use: several simultaneously 

• Synergism: effects of both drugs are multiplied 

• Antagonism: one drugs blocks the action of another 

• Inhibition: effects of another are reduced or eliminated by another at the same receptor site 

• Intolerance: drugs combine and create uncomfortable reaction 

• Cross-tolerance: tolerance for one creates a similar reaction to another 

• Withdrawal: temporary symptoms when stop using 

Drug categories 

• Prescription 

• Over the counter 

• Recreational 

• Herbal 

• Illicit(illegal) 

• Commercial 

DRUGS: Substances other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or body 

Drug misuse: used for purpose not intended 

Drug abuse: excessive use of any drug 

OTC Drugs: 

• High doses can cause hallucinations, bizzare sleep, mood changes, and sometimes death 

Caffeine Pills and energy drinks: 

• In large doses can create tremors/shaking, restlessness, and edginess,  

Pseudoephedrine: 

• Cold and allergy medication 

Diet Pills: 

• Contains caffeine or Hoodie Gordon 

Sleep aids: 

• Excedrin, Sominex, Unisom, and Tylenol PM 

• Sleep problems, weaken body, induce narcolepsy 

Commonly used painkillers are used to relax or get high (Vicodin, Oxycodone) 

Table on drug use for full time college students: 

 
Alcohol: 77.6% 

Any illicit drugs: 46.5% 

Vaping(any): 43.7 

Weed: 43.0% 

Any illicit other than weed: 16.8% 

Codependence: self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person helps encourage addictive behaviors in another 

Enablers: knowingly or unknowingly helping the addicted 

Intervention: planned process of confrontation 

Abstinence: refraining from addictive behavior 

Detoxification: physically and cognitively being free from behavior 

Treatment needs combo of BEHAVIORAL and MEDICATIONS 

1. Outpatient therapy 

2. Residential treatment 

3. 12-step programs 

Anti-Drug Vaccinees 

Methadone- for heroin addicts or other opioids 

Relapse- tendency to return to addictive behavior 

Caffeine 

• Most popular and widely consumed drug in the US 

• Found in plant products such as coffee, tea, and chocolate 

• Side effects can cause wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild delirium, and heartburn 

Fantanyl 

• Synthetic opioid narcotic that's like morphine but 50-100 times stronger 

• Most potent pain killer 

• Half of all opioid related overdose deaths involve fentanyl 

• Narcan blocks the effects of opioids 

A.C.T.I.O.N 

- arouse, check, call, treat, intranasal naloxone, oxygen, naloxone again 

Anabolic Steroids 

• Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength 

• Euphoria, diminished fatigue, and increase bulk and power 

• Mood swings, roid rage, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol 

• Hypertension, and kidney disease 

• In females, male attributes occur 

Chapter 9 

• ethyl alcohol or ethanol 

• Fermentation process 

• Distillation 

• Proof: 80 proof= 40% 

• Proof of alcohol is twice the percents 

BEER 

• 12-1 

• 16-1.3 

• 22-2 

• 40-3.3 

MALT LIQUOR 

• 12-1.5 

• 16-2 

• 22-2.5 

• 40-4.5 

TABLE WINE 

• 750ML (25oz) bottle- 5 

80 proof spirits (gin vodka, etc.) 

• Mixed- 1 or more 

• Pint- 11 

• Fifth- 17 

• 1.75(handle) 39 

Alcohol is absorbed mainly in the small intestine, has to get through your stomach first 

20% absorption occurs in stomach and 80% in small intestine 

Carbonation speeds up the absorption 

Alcohol has 7 calories per gram 

0.5 oz per hour (about one drink) 

BAC- blood alcohol content 

Legal limit is 0.08 

Women naturally have a higher percentage; they also have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase as men 

Alcohol depresses CNS 

Water is pulled out of the cerebral spinal fluid which is what causes hangover headaches 

Fetal Alcohol syndrome is the 3^rd most common birth defect in the US 

BASICS- program to reduce student drinking 

BIDIS- hand rolled tobacco, 3 times more carbon monoxide 

Pipes and Hookahs: water pipes, harmful mor potent 

Dip 

Snuff, can be inhaled, chewed, or placed against the gums 

Possible oral cancer or throat cancer 

ZYN: 

• Swedish nicotine pouch 

• Using many promotional techniques 

• No need to spit like chewing tobacco 

Sidestream: 

• Smoke blown out from smoker 

• Thus, secondhand smoking and laws restricting where people smoke\ 

Breaking the addiction: 

• Cold Turkey: completely stopping 

• Weaning themselves off with gum or patches 

UNDERSTANDING YOUR SEXUALITY 

Sexual Identity: 

• The recognition as a sexual being and is determined by a complex interaction of factors (sex assigned at birth, gender identity, attraction (physically and emotionally) 

• All eggs carry x  

• sperm carry x or y 

• Two x is girl 

• XY is male 

• Intersexuality (disorders of sexual development) 

Gender 

• Gender roles 

• Socialization 

• Gender role stereotypes 

• Gender identity 

• Androgyny- combo of masculine and female traits 

• Gender expression- how you express with clothing 

• Transgendered- not a sexual orientation, identifies as opposite of what they're assigned at birth 

• Cisgender- goes with their gender at birth 

Sexual Orientation 

• Emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other person 

• Hetero- opposite sex 

• Homo- same sex 

• Bi- both 

• Pansexual- all genders 

• Asexual- does not experience sexual attraction 

• Andro- attracted to masculine features 

• Gynesexual- attracted to feminine features 

Understanding the functions of male and female reproductive systems will help students 

Women anatomy 

• Curved pubic bone to have space for uterus 

• Menstrual cycle- usually 28 days long 

• Controlled by hypothalamus 

• Gonadotropin- releasing hormone 

• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone 

• Progesterone helps with fertilization 

• Proliferation- eggs development 

• Secretory- endometrium proliferates 

• Menstrual- period 

• PMS 

• PMDD 

• Dysmenorrhea 

• Toxic shock syndrome 

• Menopause- permanent cessation of menstruation 

• Between 40-60 

Male anatomy 

• Pubic bone more posterior 

Human sexual response 

• Excitement/arousal- Vaso congestion 

• Plateau phase- nipple and penis erect 

• Orgasmic phase- muscles contract 

• Resolution- relaxation 

• Refractory- return to prearousal 

Dysfunction 

• Desire disorders 

• Arousal disorders 

• Orgasmic disorders 

• Pain disorders 

Expression and behavior 

• Coital 

• Orgasmic standard 

• Two persons standard 

• Romantic 

• Safer sex 

CERTS 

Options 

• Celibate- avoidance from sex 

• Abstinence- aviodance from intercourse 

• Autoerotic 

• Sexual fantasies 

• Masturbation 

• Kissing and erotic touching 

• Manual stimulation 

• Oral 

• Vaginal 

• Anal 

Alcohol can inhibit sexual response 

Treating erectile dysfunction 

• Viagra 

• Cialis 

• Levitra 

Considering your reproductive choices 

• Birth control- prevents pregnancy 

• Contraception- prevents conception 

• All needed is one viable egg and one viable sperm 

• Fertility 

• Perfect use failure rate- number of pregnancies likely to occur (per 100) in first year of method of used consistently and actively 

• Barrier method 

• Hormonal method- preventing ovulation 

• Intrauterine- device inserted into uterus 

• Behavioral- abstinence or planning around fertility pattern 

• Permanent- surgical 

• Condom 82 percent effective 

• Female condom 79 percent effective 

• Spermicide 72 percent effective 

• 1^st female focused birth control 1822 was DIAPHRAGM 88 percent effective 

• Can be inserted 2 hrs prior and 6-8 hrs after 

• Left in too long can cause toxic shock syndrome 

• Cervical cap must be fitted by trained practitioner 84% effective 

• Sponge, does not require fitting can stay up to 24hrs 88 percent effective but 76 for those who have given birth 

• Hormonal methods 

• Oral contraceptives, prevents ovulation must be taken daily 91% effective 

• Progestin only, taken continuously 

• Opill 98% after first 2 days of taking 

• Skin patch 

• Nuvaring 91% 

• Injections 94% 

• Nexplanon up 3 years, very effective 

• IUDs 3-12 years 

• Behavioral- abstinence 

• Emergency contraception effective up to 72 hours 

Abortion 

• Roe v. Wade federal right for 1^st trimester 

• Dobbs decision reversed and left it to individual states 

• Suction curettage 

• Dilation and extraction 

• Hysterotomy 

• Most occur in the 9-week period 

 Chapter 4: improving your sleep 

• Somnolence- drowsiness, sluggishness, and a lack of mental alertness that can affect daily performance 

• 35.2 percent of Americans do not routinely get recommended amount of sleep 

• A drowsy driver impairment is to that of a drunk driver 

Age Group and sleep deprivation 

• 18-24: 32.2 

• 25-34: 37.9 

• 35-44: 38.3 

• 46-54: 39 

• 55-64: 35.6 

• 65+: 26.3 

Nearly 75 percent of student report feeling tired, dragged out or sleepy 3 out of 7 days a week 

Sleep deprivation occurs when sleep is insufficient 

Key factors: 

• Shift work 

• Long-haul driving 

• Drugs and medication 

• Pain/chronic pain 

• Sleep habits including excessive screen time 

• Gender and sex: women experience more challenges due to hormonal changes 

The importance of sleep 

• Certain reparative chemicals 

• The brain is cleared of daily minutiae 

• Enhances ability to cope with stressors 

• Learning is synthesized 

• Memories are consolidated 

• Conserves body energy 

• Cope with life changes 

• Helps maintain immune system 

• Reduce risk for cardiovascular disease 

• Healthy metabolism 

• Short sleep increases the risk of type 2 diabetes 

• Improve motor tasks and athleticism 

College Athletics 

• Sleep/nap pods 

Circadian Rhythm 

• Regulated by melatonin 

• Non-REM sleep: 4 stages 

• REM sleep: rapid eye movement 

• The longer you can sleep the longer REM becomes 

Non-REM stages 

• Drifting off(theta waves) 

• Slower brain waves, disengagement from environment 

• Slow delta waves, blood pressure and heart rate drop 

• Deepest stage of sleep, release HGH, sleepwalking or talking 

Dreams take place during REM sleep 

Brain wave is similar to a wakeful state, muscles are paralyzed 

Sleep debt: total hours of missed sleep 

Naps cannot cancel out sleep debt, but can improve mood, alertness, and performance 

Sleep Inertia can occur after 30 or more minutes of napping 

Sleep Disorders 

• Somnipathy/Dyssomnia 

• Sleep study to be diagnosed 

• More than 80 sleep disorders 

• Insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy 

Insomnia 

• Difficulty falling asleep, frequent arousals during sleep, or early morning awakening 

• Most common 

• 10-30 percent Americans have chronic sleep insomnia 

• Can be treated by cognitive behavioral therapists or hypnotic/sedative medications 

Sleep apnea 

• General snoring 

• Pause in breathing that lasts 10 secs 

• Sudden gasp 

• CPAP machine continuous positive airway pressure 

• Dental appliances or surgery 

• Lifestyle changes 

Restless Legs Syndrome 

• Unpleasant sensations in the legs 

Narcolepsy 

• 1 of every 3,000 people 

• Fall asleep involuntarily during the day 

• Genetic basis 

Tips for restful sleep 

• 65 degrees room 

• Sleep “cave” 

• Associate bed with sleep 

• Go to bed when you are tired 

• Establish bedtime and wake rituals 

• Natural light earlier in the day 

• Exercising in morning or afternoon 

• Avoid afternoon and evening caffeine 

• Avoid heavy meals within 2-3 hours 

• Avoid nicotine, alcohol, and liquids 

• Turn of screens 

• Avoid conflict