Untitled Flashcards Set

1.      Intolerable Acts:

-          British try to get the colonist to pay tea tax which led to the Boston tea party. Locals dressed as native Americans, boarded the ships, and dumped millions of pounds worth of tea. Forced the locals to quarter British troops, and reduced number of elected officials in Massachusetts. This leads to the intolerable acts starting with the closing of the Harbor until the tea was paid for. The charter was changed to minimize gov representation.

2.      Suffolk Resolves:

-          They held a convention of delegates from Massachusetts towns approved a series of resolutions that urged Americans to refuse obedience to the new laws, withhold taxes and prepare for war.

3.      First Continental Congress:

-          Political leaders from across the colony coordinated a resistance to the intolerable acts because of what happened in Boston. After adjourning they created the continental association.

4.      Continental Association:

-          Banning all trade with Great Britain(boycott). Carlonia had rice exempted from this. They said they would readjourn in a year if their demands went unmet. War ideas spread and in Boston they began to prepare with large amounts of ammunition. The British knew about this, so they planned in advance and waited for the British to show and had riders sent to the countryside to retrieve the local militia to resist the British. “The British are coming!” This started the war.

5.      Lexington and Concord/minutemen:

-          The British and colonists met at Lexington and Concord fought and this led to the “the shot heard around world”. The shot declared the war.

-          The minutemen were local military groups pledged to the colony who were ready for battle in a minute.

6.      Fort Ticonderoga/the cannon:

-          Battle won by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen in New York. They captured the cannon which was very important for the battle.

7.      Second Continental Congress:

-          Convened in 1775 and was an important gathering of political leaders from the colonies that coordinated the resistance to the British and the start of the American Revolutionary War.

8.      Bunker Hill/Common Sense:

-          Early battle in the American Revolutionary War. British in charge of Boston but were under siege from colonists on the hills. Battle was fought at Breed’ s Hill not Bunker. British dislodged the colonials from the hill, but lost many men. Symbolic victory for the colonists though it was a tactical loss.

-          Paine's widely-read political pamphlet galvanized revolutionary sentiment among the American public through its accessible, impassioned arguments for independence. The publication helped shift public opinion and laid the ideological groundwork for the Declaration of Independence.

9.      Declaration of Independence:

-          Very powerful document drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the second continental Congress in 1776.

10. American Exceptionalism:

-          Fundamental belief that America represents hope and a global model and that the country has a unique and natural purpose. America is seen as the “city on a hill” and has evolved since this conclusion. America is seen as a special nation that serves as an example to the rest of the world and this idea was present since the country’s founding.

11. Trenton/Princeton:

-          The Battle of Trenton and Princeton was led by George Washington in a surprise attack on the British forces. He did this by crossing the Delaware River to target the Hessians and the British in New Jersey. After this there was a great moral boost for the American troops. The victories at Trenton and Princeton aided the Continental Army in continuing their resistance against the British. Likely the most important battle of 1776. This battle also served as a great turning point in the march to independence.

12. Saratoga:

-          Battle of Saratoga was a strategic victory for the American troops in 1777. The British made a critical mistake in their troop movements, allowing the colonial army to defeat the British general Burgoyne. This victory demonstrated that the American colonies could defeat a global power like Britain, challenging the perception that it was just a minor colonial skirmish. Saratoga attracted the attention and support of European powers like France, who saw an opportunity to undermine their rival Britain. The success at Saratoga was a pivotal turning point that helped secure crucial international backing for the American revolutionary effort.

13. Valley Forge:

-          A Significant moment during the American Revolution. The Continental army was led by George Washington and experienced many ordeals at Valley Forge. They underwent low food supplies, supplies, and lack of shelter for warmth during this freezing time. The army managed to make it through these challenges and demonstrated their resilience and determination to obtain their independence. This was a crucial moment that allowed the Continental Army to persevere and led to their victory later in the war.  

14. War in the South---Savannah, Charleston:

-          In the North the British were unable to stop the rebellion so they shifted their efforts to the South. The South had a great number of loyalists and social divisions that the British helped exploit. At first the British were successful in capturing Savannah and Charleston. The use of traditional war tactics did not held the British in their fight against the colonists. This led to the rise of guerilla warfare tactics, like the “swamp fox”.

15. Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”:

-          Francis Marion was a southern commander and plantation owner who was known as the “swamp fox”. He used guerilla warfare tactics against the British. He would hide behind trees and ambush the British and quickly retreated to the swamps. The constant threat of surprise attacks made it difficult for the British, who felt like they were playing a game of “whack-a-mole”. This was a clever and effective way to fight against the British army.

16. Cowpens, Guilford Court:

-          Congress had gone about bankrupt, and things were looking bad for the American cause. However, the Battle of Cowpens was a significant victory for the colonists, even though they did not technically win the battle. This victory inflicted heavy casualties on the British, forcing Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown. The Battle of Cowpens is usually interpreted as an American victory, despite the technical outcome.

-          The Battle of Guilford Court was another important engagement during the Revolutionary War. While the Americans did not win this battle outright, they were able to inflict such heavy casualties on the British that it is usually interpreted as an American victory. To protect his troops, Cornwallis was forced to move his army to Yorktown after this battle. The heavy losses the British suffered at Guilford Court weakened their position and set the stage for the eventual American victory at Yorktown. This battle demonstrated the effectiveness of the colonists' guerrilla warfare tactics against the British professional army.

17. Yorktown/Cornwallis:

-          Washington's strategic encirclement of Cornwallis's army at Yorktown, with the support of French and Spanish forces, led to the British surrender, effectively ending major military operations.

18. Treaty of Paris:

-          The subsequent Treaty of Paris in 1783 secured significant diplomatic victories for the newly independent United States, including the acquisition of land east of the Mississippi and critical fishing rights

19. Religious toleration/Catholics/Separation of Church and state:

-          The Revolutionary era saw an increase in religious tolerance, with declining anti-Catholic sentiment and the growing recognition of religion's role in promoting moral values. Thomas Jefferson's championing of religious toleration contributed to the emerging separation of church and state.

20. Free labor/social conditions of freedom/Wealth of Nations/free trade:

-          The revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality challenged existing labor structures, leading to the liberation of indentured servants and a growing emphasis on the concept of free labor. This shift in economic principles and social conditions reflected the evolving values of the new nation.

-          Adam Smith's influential work, published in 1776, helped shape the emerging economic philosophy of the United States, which rejected strict economic controls in favor of free trade and the pursuit of individual self-interest.

21. Loyalists:

-          While many wealthy Loyalists were able to reintegrate into American society after the war, the experience of Native Americans was markedly different, as white expansion dramatically reduced their freedom and autonomy.

22. Indian freedom:

-          The aggressive settlement of land beyond the Appalachian Mountains, driven by the desire for self-determination and the acquisition of territory, came at the expense of Native American freedom and autonomy.

23. Slavery and abolition/freedom petitions:

-          Enslaved individuals petitioned for their freedom, drawing on the revolutionary ideals of liberty and natural rights expressed in the Declaration of Independence. However, the Constitutional Convention's compromises, such as the Three-Fifths Compromise and Fugitive Slave Clause, embedded slavery within the new nation's legal and political structure. Despite this, the abolitionist movement continued to gain momentum, with figures like the Grimké sisters using their platforms to advocate for the end of slavery. The tension between the revolutionary principles of freedom and the reality of slavery's continued existence would remain a defining challenge for the United States. Efforts to secure the freedom of the enslaved through petitions and activism would be an ongoing struggle in the years following the American Revolution.

24. British and voluntary emancipation/gradual emancipation:

-          The British Empire took steps towards voluntary emancipation of slaves, though through a gradual process. British abolitionist sentiment grew, leading to efforts to end the slave trade. Some American founders hoped slavery would decline naturally, but the cotton gin revived its economic viability. The British and American approaches to emancipation diverged, with lasting implications. The contrasting paths highlighted the challenges of reconciling slavery with revolutionary ideals.

25. Revolutionary Motherhood/companionate marriage:

-          The era saw a shift from civic to moral virtue for women. The "cult of domesticity" defined women's role as moral guardians of the private sphere. This "companionate marriage" ideal expected women to be weak and dependent on husbands. However, this vision did not apply to all women. Changing gender roles reflected broader social transformations.

26. Articles of Confederation:

-          Drafted during the Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation established a decentralized government with significant limitations, including the lack of a judiciary, the inability to levy taxes, and the requirement of unanimous consent for amendments. This framework proved inadequate for the needs of the post-war nation.

27. Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance:

-          The Articles of Confederation established land ordinances for the sale and development of western territories. The Northwest Ordinance outlined a process for new states to join the Union on an equal footing. This helped manage the complex issues around land titles and settlement. It also laid the groundwork for the "Empire of Liberty" concept of westward expansion. The ordinances addressed key challenges facing the new nation under the Articles of Confederation.

28. Shay’s Rebellion:

-          This armed uprising by indebted farmers in Massachusetts highlighted the economic turmoil and social unrest plaguing the new nation under the Articles of Confederation.

29. James Madison/Alexander Hamilton/ nationalists:

-          The nationalist-minded investors who feared the potential collapse of the American experiment were instrumental in calling for a constitutional convention.

30. Constitutional Convention---role of slavery:

-          The 55 white, wealthy, and highly educated men who gathered in Philadelphia to draft a new constitution represented a socially prominent and influential segment of the population. Their closed-door deliberations would shape the fundamental structure and principles of the United States government.

31. Electoral College:

-          The Constitution outlined the structure of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, including the creation of the Electoral College for the indirect election of the president. The document also defined the roles and interactions between these branches of government.

32. Federalism/Checks and balances:

-          The Constitution established the principles of federalism, dividing power between the federal and state governments, as well as the system of checks and balances, which prevented any single branch of government from becoming too powerful.

33. Division and separation of powers:

-          Division of governmental powers between federal and state levels. Established mechanism for future amendments. Flexible framework for governmental adaptation.

34. Articles of the Constitution:

-          The Constitution outlined the structure of the federal government, including the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It established the principles of federalism and checks/balances between the branches. The document defined the roles and interactions of these branches to create a stable system. The Constitution also laid out the electoral process, including the creation of the Electoral College. These articles formed the foundational framework for the new American government.

35. 3/5-clause/fugitive slave clause/slave trade clause:

-          The Southern states' demands to protect the "peculiar institution" of slavery were a central point of contention during the Constitutional Convention. The resulting compromises, such as the Three-Fifths Compromise and the Fugitive Slave Clause, embedded slavery deeply within the new nation's political and legal framework.

36. Bill of Rights/ Parchment barriers The Federalist/Madison’s argument:

-          James Madison's influential argument in the Federalist Papers posited that the nation's size and diversity would prevent any single minority group from dominating others, thereby protecting civil rights

37. Washington’s Presidency:

-          George Washington's two-term presidency set important precedents, including the peaceful transfer of power and the rejection of potential dictatorial authority. The early presidential successions of Adams, Jefferson, and Madison established the pattern of peaceful political transitions.

38. French Revolution/American politics:

-          The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 had significant implications for American politics, as the country became divided between those who viewed the events positively and those who were concerned about the instability.

39. Partisan politics in an age of passion/democratic self-government:

-          The Constitution left room for different visions of America's future, leading to fierce political divisions. Hamilton advocated for a strong central government and closer ties to Britain, while Jefferson preferred a decentralized, agrarian society. This clash of ideologies devolved into vitriolic partisan warfare in the first decade of the new nation. The question of whether democratic self-government could truly work was hotly debated.

40. Hamilton v. Jefferson/visions of the future:

-          Hamilton advocated for a strong central government and closer ties to Britain. In contrast, Jefferson preferred a decentralized, agrarian society. This clash of ideologies between the two Founding Fathers reflected their competing visions for America's future. Their disagreements contributed to the rise of vitriolic partisan politics in the early republic. The tension between Hamilton and Jefferson's divergent views shaped the young nation's political and economic trajectory.

41. Hamilton’s program:

-          Hamilton's 5-part economic program included: 1) Paying off the national debt in full, 2) Issuing new debt to fund infrastructure, 3) Chartering a national bank, 4) Implementing a whiskey tax, and 5) Establishing tariffs and business subsidies. This agenda aimed to build the country's creditworthiness and economic power. Hamilton saw Britain as the model for a strong central government and global influence. However, Jefferson opposed Hamilton's vision, preferring a decentralized, agricultural society.

42. Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain:

-          Over dinner, Jefferson and Hamilton negotiated a compromise brokered by Washington. Hamilton got most of his economic program, except for business subsidies. In return, the capital was located on the Potomac River, satisfying Southern interests. This bargain balanced the competing visions of the two Founding Fathers. The "room where it happened" highlighted the political maneuvering required to forge consensus in the new nation.

43. Neutrality Proclamation:

-          As war erupted in Europe between France and Britain, the United States proclaimed its neutrality. This was intended to preserve American rights to trade with both powers. However, the policy did not prevent the seizure of American ships or the impressment of sailors by the warring European nations. The Neutrality Proclamation highlighted the challenges the young nation faced in navigating international conflicts. Maintaining neutrality proved difficult as the United States was drawn into the escalating European war.

44. Citizen Genet:

-          The French representative Citizen Genet arrived in America and was greeted with enthusiasm. He attempted to outfit American ships to fight for France, defying the U.S. policy of neutrality. Genet's actions caused controversy and he ultimately avoided returning to France to face the "Terror" period.

45. Whiskey Rebellion:

-          As the U.S. transitioned from a subsistence to market economy, the taxation of whiskey production sparked armed resistance from frontier farmers. George Washington personally led an army to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion, demonstrating the new government's willingness to use force. This event highlighted the challenges of implementing federal policies in the decentralized early republic.

46. Impressment:

-          During the European wars, the British seized American ships and forced their sailors into the Royal Navy, a practice known as impressment. This was highly unpopular and threatened U.S. sovereignty. Washington sent diplomats to negotiate, but Jay's Treaty failed to resolve the issue, damaging America's relationship with Britain.

47. Jay’s Treaty:

-          Negotiated by John Jay, this treaty aimed to resolve outstanding issues with Britain, but it did not address the problem of impressment. The treaty was seen as favoring British interests and was very unpopular, contributing to growing partisan divisions in the young nation.

48. Adams presidency:

-          John Adams, a Federalist, became the second U.S. president. His administration was marked by the XYZ Affair, a diplomatic crisis with France, and the passage of the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts. These events further exacerbated the bitter partisan rivalries between Federalists and Republicans during Adams' single term.

49. XYZ Affair:

-          John Adams' attempt to renew the French-American alliance was met with a demand for bribes, leading to the XYZ Affair. This diplomatic crisis contributed to the growing tensions between the Federalist and Republican parties during Adams' presidency.

50. Alien and Sedition Acts:

-          The Federalist-led government passed laws targeting Republican presses and recent immigrants. The Sedition Act directly violated the First Amendment by making it illegal to criticize the government. These acts were seen as a "reign of witches" and condemned as unconstitutional.

51. reign of witches/Virginia and Kentucky resolutions:

-          The Alien and Sedition Acts were widely criticized as a Federalist attempt to suppress political opposition. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions condemned the acts as unconstitutional, further inflaming the bitter partisan divisions in the early republic.

52. Federalist and Republican Parties:

-          The fierce political rivalry between the Federalist and Republican parties characterized the early years of the new nation. Their competing visions for America's future fueled vitriolic debates and personal attacks, testing the stability of the young democracy.

53. Abigail Adams:

-          As the wife of John Adams, Abigail Adams was a strong-minded woman who advocated for women's rights, urging her husband to "remember the ladies" and not let men become "tyrants" over them.

54. Mary Wollstonecraft/ A Vindication of the Rights of Women:

-          The English philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the influential work "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," arguing for expanded educational and economic opportunities for women, despite facing harsh criticism.

55. Judith Sargent Murray:

-          Murray was an early American advocate for women's rights, using her writing to promote the idea of gender equality and challenge the traditional social roles assigned to women.

56. The Revolution of 1800/Jefferson’s presidency:

-          Jefferson's election, which he referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," marked a significant political transition as he sought to dismantle the Federalist-led government. However, the Supreme Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison strengthened the power of the judiciary.

57. Marbury v. Madison/judicial review:

-          This landmark Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review, granting the courts the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. This decision, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, was a significant victory for the Federalists and the expansion of federal power.

58. Barbary pirates/Haitian Revolution:

-          As president, Jefferson took action against the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean to protect American trade interests. The Haitian Revolution and Gabriel's Rebellion in Virginia also sparked fears of slave uprisings in the South, shaping Jefferson's foreign policy and views on slavery.

59. Gabriel’s Revolution:

-          Gabriel, a blacksmith in Richmond, Virginia, led a planned slave rebellion that aimed to abolish slavery. Though the attempt ultimately failed, it was one of the many efforts by enslaved individuals to secure their freedom, reflecting the ongoing tensions over the institution of slavery in the new nation.

60. The Louisiana Purchase/Lewis and Clark:

-          Concerned about losing access to the vital Mississippi River, Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon, doubling the size of the United States. The subsequent Lewis and Clark expedition explored the new western territories, bringing back valuable scientific discoveries

61. Sally Hemmings/Jefferson on slavery:

-          Jefferson's personal relationship with his slave, Sally Hemings, and his complex and contradictory views on race and slavery further complicated his legacy. While he believed Native Americans could be intellectually equal with education, he was skeptical of the capabilities of African Americans

62. The Embargo:

-          In an attempt to protect American trade interests, Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act, which shut down the entire eastern seaboard and had disastrous economic consequences. This unpopular policy contributed to the growing tensions that ultimately led to the War of 1812.

63. Madison’s presidency/Macon’s Bill:

-          As the fourth president, Madison faced the challenges of navigating international conflicts and rising tensions with Britain. Macon's Bill No. 2 attempted to leverage trade as a bargaining chip, but proved ineffective in protecting American interests. Madison's presidency was marked by the growing calls for war with Britain.

64. War Hawks:

-          Western politicians, such as Henry Clay, emerged as "War Hawks" who advocated for the United States to declare war on Britain. They sought to take advantage of Britain's preoccupation with the Napoleonic Wars and potentially annex Canadian territory. The War Hawks played a significant role in pushing the country towards the War of 1812.

65. Tecumseh/Tippecanoe:

-          The British allied with the Native American leader Tecumseh, who sought to create a pan-Indian confederacy to resist American expansion. This led to the Battle of Tippecanoe, where William Henry Harrison's forces defeated Tecumseh's warriors. The British involvement with Native Americans was another source of tension between the U.S. and Britain, contributing to the outbreak of the War of 1812.

66. War of 1812/second war of independence:

-          Despite the United States' status as a relatively weak country, the War of 1812 demonstrated the nation's ability to withstand the military and economic might of Great Britain. The conflict, often referred to as the "Second War of Independence," solidified American sovereignty and national identity.

67. star spangled banner/burning down the White House:

-          During the War of 1812, the British invasion of Washington D.C. led to the burning of the White House. As Dolly Madison fled the city, Francis Scott Key witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry, which inspired him to write the lyrics to the future national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." These events highlighted the vulnerability of the young nation but also its resilience in the face of the British assault.

68. Battle of New Orleans/Andrew Jackson:

-          The Battle of New Orleans, fought after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed, resulted in a decisive American victory led by General Andrew Jackson. This battle made Jackson a national hero and propelled him towards a future presidency. The War of 1812 demonstrated the United States' ability to withstand the military might of Britain, solidifying its sovereignty and national identity.

69. Hartford Convention:

-          The Federalist-led Hartford Convention, which expressed grievances against the federal government, was seen as unpatriotic in the aftermath of the War of 1812. This event marked the effective end of the Federalist Party as a political force.

70. Market Revolution:

-          The early 19th century saw a dramatic transformation from a subsistence-based agricultural economy to a market-driven, commercially-oriented one. Innovations in transportation, such as canals, roads, and railroads, enabled the efficient movement of goods. The rise of the factory system, spearheaded by Samuel Slater and the textile industry in Lowell, Massachusetts, fueled rapid industrialization. This "market revolution" had significant social and economic impacts, including the growth of cities and the changing role of women

71. Roads/canals/railroads:

-          The construction of roads, canals (such as the Erie Canal), and the expansion of the railroad network enabled the efficient movement of goods and people, facilitating the growth of trade and commerce across the United States.

72. Erie Canal/Dewitt Clinton:

-          The construction of the Erie Canal, spearheaded by New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. This 363-mile waterway transformed New York City into a major commercial hub and facilitated the efficient movement of goods, fueling economic growth across the young nation.

73. steamboats/ Fulton:

-          The development of steamboat technology, pioneered by Robert Fulton, revolutionized river transportation and enabled the rapid movement of people and goods. Steamboats played a crucial role in the market revolution, contributing to the integration of regional economies and the growth of urban centers.

74. telegraph/ Samuel Morse:

-          The invention of the telegraph and the development of Morse Code revolutionized long-distance communication, allowing for the rapid transmission of information and contributing to the "information explosion" of the era.

75. Cotton gin/Eli Whitney:

-          Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin dramatically increased the efficiency of cotton production, fueling the expansion of the "Cotton Kingdom" across the Deep South and the growth of the slave-based economy.

76. Cotton Kingdom/Slave Coffles:

-          The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney dramatically increased the profitability of cotton production, leading to the expansion of the "Cotton Kingdom" across the Deep South. This slave-based economy generated immense wealth, but also involved the horrific practice of slave coffles - the forced marching of chained enslaved individuals from the Upper South to the cotton plantations of the Deep South.

77. Westward expansion/three migration streams:

-          The westward expansion of the United States was characterized by three major migration streams: the industrial-focused northern migration, the plantation-driven southern migration, and the movement of southerners into northern states. These regional differences would continue to shape the country's economic and political landscape.

78. Factory system/Samuel Slater/Lowell, Mass./cotton textiles

-          The introduction of the factory system, spearheaded by Samuel Slater's industrial espionage and the rise of textile manufacturing in Lowell, Massachusetts, marked the beginning of the American industrial revolution.

79. Mill girls:

-          The factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts provided young women from middle-class families the opportunity to work in the textile mills. These "mill girls" lived in supervised dormitories and could earn wages, though their employment was typically short-term. The mill work offered a taste of independence and the chance to save money for marriage.

80. Cotton Kingdom:

-          The invention of the cotton gin fueled the rapid expansion of cotton production across the Deep South, creating an immensely profitable slave-based economy known as the "Cotton Kingdom." This regional economic powerhouse generated vast wealth for plantation owners but was built upon the backs of the enslaved population.

81. Urban growth/commercial farmers:

-          The market revolution transformed the American economy, enabling commercial farmers to sell their surplus crops to the rapidly growing urban centers. This integration of regional markets and the rise of urban trade hubs facilitated economic growth and the movement of goods across the young nation.

82. Deere’s plow/McCormick’s reaper:

-          Innovations like John Deere's steel plow and Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper revolutionized agricultural productivity, allowing for the efficient cultivation of the Midwest's fertile lands. These technological advancements played a key role in the market revolution and the westward expansion of commercial farming.

83. Cult of Domesticity/Private and public spheres:

-          The "cult of domesticity" emerged, defining women's roles as moral guardians of the private, domestic sphere, while men were expected to participate in the rough-and-tumble public sphere. This idealized vision of womanhood, however, did not apply to all women, as the private sphere was not protected for working-class, slave, or servant women.

84. Rise of the Public Woman:

-          Despite the constraints of the "cult of domesticity," women found ways to participate in the public sphere, such as signing petitions, marching in parades, and even giving lectures - though the latter was heavily frowned upon. This "public woman" represented the growing assertiveness of women in the social and political realms.

85. Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Lucretia Mott:

-          Stanton and Mott were prominent early advocates for women's rights, who organized the Seneca Falls Convention and drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, to demand greater equality and rights for women.

86. London World Anti-Slavery Convention:

-          When Stanton and Mott attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, they were denied participation because they were women, sparking their further commitment to the women's rights movement.

87. Declaration of Sentiments of the Seneca Falls Convention:

-          The Declaration of Sentiments, written at the Seneca Falls Convention, boldly asserted women's grievances and demands for equal rights, including the right to vote, launching the formal women's suffrage movement in the United States.

88. Grimke sisters:

-          Angelina and Sarah Grimké, Southern belles who had converted to Quakerism, became prominent abolitionists and lecturers, defying social norms and facing harsh criticism for their public activism.

89. Catherine Beecher v. the public woman:

-          Beecher, a reformer involved in the Indian removal, criticized the public activism of women like the Grimké sisters, reflecting the tensions between the idealized "cult of domesticity" and the emerging "public woman."

90. Sarah Grimke:

-          Sarah Grimké wrote influential works advocating for gender equality, arguing that there was no fundamental difference between the rights and capabilities of men and women.

91. Letter on the Equality of the Sexes:

-          In her "Letter on the Equality of the Sexes," Sarah Grimké challenged the notion that there were any inherent differences between men and women that justified the denial of women's rights and opportunities.

92. Margaret Fuller/Woman in the 19th century:

-          Fuller, a prominent writer and intellectual, published the work "Woman in the 19th Century," which explored the changing conceptions of womanhood and called for greater educational and professional opportunities for women.

93. Dorothea Dix and the insane:

-          Dix was a pioneering advocate for the humane treatment of the mentally ill, working to establish state-funded asylums and reform the conditions in which the insane were housed.

94. slavery of sex/women/property:

-          The abolitionist movement's arguments against the enslavement of African Americans led some women to draw parallels between the denial of rights for slaves and the denial of rights for women, who were often treated as the "property" of their husbands.

95. Abby Kelley/ John Greenleaf Whittier on Abby Kelley:

-          Kelley was a prominent abolitionist lecturer who faced intense criticism and harassment for her public activism. The poet John Greenleaf Whittier defended Kelley, highlighting the challenges faced by women who dared to assert themselves in the public sphere.

96. Abolitionist Schism/American Anti-Slavery Society business committee/the:

-          Divisions emerged within the abolitionist movement, with the American Anti-Slavery Society's business committee clashing with those who formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, reflecting the complexities and tensions within the broader fight against slavery.

97. American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:

-          This breakaway organization from the American Anti-Slavery Society represented a shift in the abolitionist movement, as some activists sought to take a more moderate approach in their efforts to end slavery.