Black History (Unit 5 Test)

Buffalo’s Fourth Ward - Where most of the black population lived

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850-  any escaped enslave person must be returned to the South, the states must allow slave catchers to operate within their borders, and that any caught aiding and abetting an escaped enslaved person would also be charged with a crime

Millard Fillmore - The president that passed the Fugitive Slave Act (he was from Buffalo)

Bethel AME Church - Founded in 1831 - originally Vine Street Church; eventually moved to the corner of E. Ferry & Michigan; important center for the black community on Michigan St.

Michigan St. Baptist Church - Founded in 1838 and moved to its current building in 1842; UGRR station; became an important place abolitionist leaders to speak and visit

Mary Talbert- Moved to Buffalo in 1891 with her husband; leading voice in women's suffrage and abolitionist movements; first black woman to earn a PhD from UB; organizes protests against racist exhibits at the Pan American Expo in 1901; one of the founders of the Niagara Movement

Reverend J. Edward Nash - Moved to Buffalo in 1892 and became the pastor for the Michigan Street Church and served for 61 years; religious and community leader and advocate for African Americans in Buffalo; trusted advisor to Buffalo white politicians

Great Migration - push factors - racial violence, lack of jobs, segregation/discrimination; pull factors - jobs in steel, iron, railways, meatpacking, auto industries; more freedom/safety; 1900-1950

Redlining- banking practice that color codes cities; green areas are affluent, blue is good, yellow is def declining, and red is hazardous. The population of red areas was predominantly people of colors and banks refused to offer home loans to people in those areas, making it impossible for them to move (get a mortgage) into a new area and make home improvements. Banks also undervalued homes in these areas which leads to lower tax revenue.

Restrictive covenants - clauses in deeds to homes that restrict who can own the home - racially restrictive covenants restrict sales of homes to certain racial or ethnic groups; the enforcement of racially restrictive covenants were deemed unconstitutional in Shelly v. Krammer 1948

Shelley v. Kraemer - Racial restrictive covenants were not outlawed until the 1948 Supreme Court case Shelley v. Kraemer, which held that they violated the 14th amendment.

1901 Pan American protests - 1901 people of buffalo, including Mary Talbert, organized protests against two racist exhibits (Old Plantation and Darkest Africa); she wanted them to bring in W.E.B DuBois' exhibit that showcased black excellence: art, science, tech, etc.

Niagara Movement - 1905; group of black men (inc. W.E.B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter) who came together to found a civil rights movement; through the Barbara Pope case they learned that they could use the courts to try to get racist laws overturned; eventually morphs into the NAACP

Colored Musicians Club - 1918 founded on Michigan Ave.; black musicians faced racism in the local musicians union and scene so they create their own organization; meetings on the first floor and a jazz club on the 2nd

War Memorial Stadium-  1937 - on Jefferson and Dodge Sts.; East Side of Buffalo; home of the Buffalo Bills, Buffalo Bisons; it created a vibrant business district around it; "Old Rock Pile"; Johnny B. Wiley Stadium

Willert Court - In 1939 he began the housing project; first housing project specifically for black residents of Buffalo becomes and important center for black life in Buffalo on the East Side

Eva Noles- First black nurse in Buffalo

Leeland Jones- First black person elected to political office in Buffalo; also played in the 

Jefferson Ave Corridor - Business area that developed in the east side of Buffalo, mostly black owned businesses

John Young- first restaurateur to serve chicken wings in 1961, Wing N' Things

Doris Records - first African American record store; visited by stars like Mary J. Blige and Lil' Kim

Arthur Hardwick - A NYS legislator; first black president to run for the president of the US

Shirley Chisholm - NYS Legislator; first black woman elected to congress

Buffalo Challenger- In 1963 first black newspaper founded; A1-Nisa Banks currently runs it

Arthur O. Eve- served in state assembly for 36 years, working for affirmative action and education; first black person to earn the Democratic nomination for mayor of Buffalo; helps to find Higher Education Opportunity Program

BUILD- community organization founded in 1967 to help support Buffalo black community

Lucille Clifton - important black writer who published her first book in 1969

Juneteenth -  founded in 1976 as an alternative to celebrating the country's bicentennial; June 19; Buffalo has the third largest Juneteenth celebration in the world; celebrates black culture and emancipation from slavery

Arthur v. Nyquist-  the case is brought by Arthur O. Eve and George Arthur against the Board of Education and it challenged lack of equal opportunity for black students in the BPS; Judge Curtin sides with the activists, leading to the creation of magnet schools and mandatory bussing

MLK Park -originally was called the Parade; Olmsted park; renamed in 1977

Ujima Theater- Founded by Lorna Hill in 1978

Rick James -  "Super Freak"