Jacelin Jensen

Mr. Snyder

7th Hour World History

5/28/24

Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991

• Put in reforms.

Boris Yeltsin: He transformed Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy

• First press of CIS. became a dictator

Vladimir Putin: President of Russia

• Was an agent for KGB

Lech Walesa: president of Poland between 1990 and 1995 and led the Solidarity movement

Alexander Dubek: Slovak statesman who served as the First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

• Led Prague Spring. PArt of Civic Forum

Vaclav Havel: served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992 and then became the first president of the Czech Republic

Nicolae Ceacescu: Romanian communist politician and statesman. He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989

• Executed Christmas day

John Paul II: head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005

• First non Italian Pope in 450 years. Assanation attempt in 1961. Now a Saint

Joseph Broz (Tito): He was secretary-general of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Said “Stop sending people to kill me” to Stalin.

• Able to resist Soviet Domination. “TITOISM”

Roanald Reagan: initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems

• SDI and MASSIVE military spending. Became a peacemaker near the end of his presidency

Deng Xiapeng: Had, “four modernizations” in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense.

• Modernized China. Ruled behind the scenes

George H.W Bush: Took credit for ending the Cold War

“Gang of Four’: English post-punk band, formed in 1976

• Led by CHang CHing: Maos Wife (Wanted the Cultural revolution to keep going)

Slobodan Milosovic: played a major role in the Yugoslav Wars and became the first sitting head of state charged with war crimes.

Erich Honneker: a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 till before the fall of the Berlin wall

• Escaped to Chile

Helmut Kohl: German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998

• Crusicial in the unification of Germany

Anwar Sadat: Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981

Yassir Arafat: was a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004.

• Terrorist.

Menachim Begin: s an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Was the leader Zionist militant group Irgun before Israel was formed

• Signed Camp David Accords. Nobel peace prize

Gamel Nasser: Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952

DATES

June 1967: 6 Days War

October 1973: Yom Kippur War

1985:

• Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader.

• Nimeiri was ousted in Sudan.

1989:

• The end of the Cold War

• The dismantling of Apartheid

• Protest in china fails

• Poland’s solidarity movement

• Berlin Wall falls

• Chochescu Executed

1990:

• Reunification of Germany

Dec. 25, 1991:

• Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as president of the newly independent Russian state.

• CIS formed from the republics

• Cold war ends

2000:

• he first resident crew enters the International Space Station

• Ending of CIS

• Putan Elected

2003:

• The United States invaded Iraq and ousted Saddam Hussein, triggering worldwide protests and an 8 year war.

• SECOND GULF WAR SUDDAN HUSSIEN KILLED

2004:

• Al-Qaeda bombs multiple trains in Madrid

• Fighting continued in Sudan's western province of Darfur, creating what the UN called “the worst humanitarian crisis in the world.”

THINGS

Poland: Fought for democracy, encouraged by John Paul II. First country to adopt democracy, went to capitalism.

Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia: PART OF YUGOSLAVIA

Czech Republic: Split into own Country off of Ceckolsolvakia

Slovakia: Gained democracy after the Velvet Revolution led by the Civic Forum. Turned to socialism. I Am from Czechoslovakia.

German Reunification: process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991

Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Wanted independence from the USSR. Left in October 1991 when the CIS formed.

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Warsaw Pact: Military alliance founded by the Soviet Union and satellite nations in response to NATO. Ended with the fall of the Soviet Union.

CSTO: The Collective Security Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, formed in 2002

Glasnost: the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Perestroika

restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making

begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985

Afghanistan

• 1979: USSR invades to prop up communist GOV there against the Mujahideen. Became the Taliban. Soviets leave. Cost to many lives plus money

Chernobyl

Chernobyl

• Location: Chernobyl is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.

• Nuclear Disaster: On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster occurred, releasing a massive amount of radioactive material into the atmosphere.

• Causes: The disaster was caused by a flawed reactor design, human error, and violation of safety protocols during a safety test.

• Consequences:

  • Immediate: The explosion killed two plant workers and caused a fire that released radioactive particles into the air.

  • Long-term: The disaster led to the evacuation and resettlement of thousands of people, increased cancer rates, and environmental contamination.

Ethnic cleansing

• Belief that getting rid of everyone else for a “Master Race” to be there.

China (1989)

European common market

• 27 members

• Then became the creator of the EURO

European union

• supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe

Euro (monetary unit)

• Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

  • Started by Iraq invading Iran.

  • Long and brutal conflict with high casualties.

  • Ended in a stalemate with no clear winner.

• Post-War Period

  • Both countries faced economic challenges.

  • Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the Gulf War.

  • Iran focused on rebuilding its economy and infrastructure.

• 2000s

  • Iraq invaded by the US in 2003, leading to instability.

  • Iran's influence grew in Iraq post-US invasion.

• Recent Years

  • Iran and Iraq have maintained diplomatic relations.

  • Economic ties strengthened, especially in trade and energy.

  • Both countries face internal challenges and regional tensions.

Solidarity

• Polish labor union that during the 1980s became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.

C.I.S.

• Commonwealth of Independent States

• established at the end of 1991, in the wake of the end of the USSR

• Is an association that coordinates the facilitation of free movement of goods, services, labor force, and capital between member states

• promotes cooperation on security matters

Cold War

-conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States

- fought in all places (neutral states, in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and outer space)

OPEC

• Organization of the petroleum exporting countries

Ukraine

• USSR invades to reunify Russia

• Different

Civic Forum

• Was a political movement in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, established during the Velvet Revolution in 1989

Lebanon

• Having a Civil war at the moment

Sandinistas

governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990

leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006

The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua

Vietnam

• North Vietnam took over South Vietnam

• Communist

China

• Deng Xiaoping: Succeeded Mao Zedong, initiated economic reforms (1978).

• Four Modernizations: Deng's focus on agriculture, industry, defense, and science & technology.

• Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Established to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.

• One Child Policy: Implemented in 1979 to control population growth, relaxed in 2015.

• Tiananmen Square Protests (1989): Student-led demonstrations for democracy, ended violently.

• Hong Kong Handover (1997): Returned to Chinese sovereignty from British rule.

• Rise of China as a Global Power: Economic growth, technological advancements, and increasing influence in international affairs.

Russia

Camp David Accords

1. Egypt and Jordan recognized Israel

2. Egypt gave Israel the Suez Canal

• Syria still having ISSUES

West Bank: Part of Palestinian state

Jordan

NICARAGUA

• Sandinistas put in borderline communism to N.

• Found they were giving rebels stuff

• Reagan cut off trade (USA dragged in during Cold War)

• CONTRAS: against communism. Fought the Sandinistas

  • Regan only allowed to provide humanitarian aid

• IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR: Regan smuggling money

1990: Nicaragua held democratic elections- sandinistas voted out (Voted back in Now)

YUGOSLAVIA

Breakup of Yugoslavia (Could Be A Essay Question)

• Introduction Sentence: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s was a complex and violent process that resulted in the disintegration of a multi-ethnic federation and the emergence of several independent states in the Balkan region.

• Background

  • Formation of Yugoslavia after WWI

  • Tito's leadership and the rise of communism

    • Communist Rule: Established a communist regime after World War II, but pursued an independent foreign policy.

    • Non-Aligned Movement: Tito was a key figure in the Non-Aligned Movement, advocating for countries to remain neutral in the Cold War.

    • National Unity: Promoted "Brotherhood and Unity" among the diverse ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.

    • After his death there was econamic decline

• Factors leading to breakup

  • Nationalism and ethnic tensions

  • Economic disparities among republics

  • Political decentralization and weakening of central government

• Timeline of breakup

  • 1980s: Rise of nationalist movement

    • Background: Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state formed after WWI, comprising various ethnic groups like Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, and others.

    • Tito's Rule: Under Josip Broz Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia remained united through a strong communist regime that suppressed nationalist sentiments.

    • Economic Issues: In the 1980s, Yugoslavia faced economic challenges leading to high inflation and unemployment, fueling discontent among the population.

    • Death of Tito: Tito's death in 1980 created a power vacuum, weakening the central authority and paving the way for nationalist movements.

    • Rise of Nationalism: Nationalist sentiments surged, especially among Serbs and Croats, leading to demands for greater autonomy or independence.

  • 1991: Slovenia and Croatia declare independence

  • 1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence

  • 1992-1995: Bosnian War

    • Dates: April 1992 - December 1995

    • Parties involved: Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats, Bosnian Serbs

    • Causes: Nationalism, ethnic tensions, breakup of Yugoslavia

    • Srebrenica massacre: July 1995, over 8,000 Bosniak men killed

    • Dayton Agreement: Ended the war, established Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state

  • 1995: Dayton Agreement ends Bosnian War

• International involvement

  • European Community and United Nations mediation efforts

  • NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Aftermath

  • Establishment of independent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia

  • Ethnic cleansing and war crimes trials

    • Background: After the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, ethnic tensions escalated, leading to widespread ethnic cleansing and war crimes.

    • Ethnic Cleansing: Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims engaged in ethnic cleansing campaigns, forcibly displacing and killing civilians based on their ethnicity.

    • War Crimes: Numerous war crimes were committed during the Yugoslav Wars, including mass killings, rape, torture, and destruction of cultural heritage sites.

  • Ongoing tensions and challenges in the region

BALTIC STATES

• The Baltic States consist of three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

COMMUNIST COUNTRIES TODAY

• China:

  • The Communist Party of China (CPC) has been in power since 1949.

• Cuba:

  • The Communist Party of Cuba has been in power since 1965.

• North Korea:

  • The ruling Workers' Party of Korea follows the Juche ideology.

  • It has a command economy with state control over all aspects of life.