Ecdysozoans

• Have a protective cuticle or exoskeleton

• Grow via molting

Phylum Arthropoda

• A chitinous exoskeleton — some are soft and some are hard

• Bilateral symmetry

• Head, thorax, and abdomen

• Possess a variety of sense organs, such as compound eyes and antennae

• Coelomates

• Complete digestive system with foregut, midgut, and hindgut

• Have efficient tracheae (airtubes) that bring oxygen directly to the cells

• Open circulatory system

• Many undergo metamorphic changes

• Females are usually oviparous (egg-laying)

Subphylum Chelicerata

• Six pairs of appendages — four pairs of walking legs, a pair of chelicerae, and a pair of pedipalps (aids in chewing)

• Have no antennae or mandibles

• Cephalothorax and ab

Subphylum Myriadopoda

• Centipedes, millipedes, and their relative

• Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment and use venom claws to capture prey

• Millipedes are herbivores or detritivores, their body is more dome shaped and have a lot more segments, have two pairs of legs per segment

Subphylum Hexapoda

• Insects, one third of animals belong to this subphylum

• Six pairs of legs and head thorax ab

• Have a tubular heart and a tracheal system

• Dioecious, many species practice internal fertilization. Most lay eggs but some are viviparous

Subphylum Crustacea

• Mostly aquatic

• Have open circulatory system, hardened carapace that covers the cephalothorax, two pairs of anterior antennae, walking legs, mandibles, and some have claws

Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms, many are parasitic, but there are many beneficial and harmless ones

• Vary in size, have a protective cuticle, a hydroskeleton, long straight intestine, and a sensory papillae

Phylum Tardigrada

• Water bears, possess a hemocoel, microscopic, marine

• Have been found living in a huge range of temps, high radiation, and can survive in space

• Can enter a state of cryptobiosis in harsh conditions called tun

Deuterostomes

• Triploblastic coelomates

Phylum Echinodermata

• Sea stars, feather stars, urchins, and sea cucumbers

• Pentamerous radial symmetry

• Body wall consists of small calcareous ossicles that include surface spines

• The spines can have pedicellariae that discharge organisms from gettin on them

• Possess a unique water vascular system that allows them to be moving, feeding, sensing, and gas exchanging

• Sea stars have tube feet

• Dioecious, most have complete digestive system

• Larva are bilaterally symmetrical

• Can lose a limb to avoid being caught by predators

Phylum Hemichordata

• Hemichordates have gill slits like chordates

• Acorns worms

• Their body is covered in mucus and has a proboscis, head, and trunk

Phylum Chordata

• Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal pouch, and postanal tail

• These traits can exist throughout life or only during embryonic development

• Additional traits: bilateral symmetry, segmentation, radial cleavage, triploblastic

Subphylum urochordata

• Marine

• Adults possess gill slits

• Enclosed in a nonliving tunic made of protein and tunicin

• Complete digestive system

• Circulatory system consists of a heart and 2 large vessels

• Monoecious

• Notochord and gill slits are present in larvae

Subphylum Cephalochordata

• Sea lancets

• Inhabit sandy coastal waters, bury their posterior end into the sand and stick their anterior end above the sand to filter feed

• Notochord and nerve chord persist

• Complex, closed circulatory system of gas exchange

• Have segmented repeating muscle units called myomeres

• Water enters the mouth and passes to the endostyle, where it’s trapped by mucus and moved to the hepatic cecum where it’s digested

Subphylum Vertebrata

• All members have a skull

• Have a neural crest, group of embryonic cells that form cranium, jaws, teeth, and some nerves

• Metabolically more active, more complex muscular system

• Have a mutli-chambered heart and hemoglobin

• Specialized organs, like liver and kidneys

Class Cyclostomata

• Class Myxini — Hagfish

• Mouth contains two plates with toothlike structures

• Highly developed senses, lateral slime glads produce slime as self defense

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

• Lampreys

• Parasitic as adults, attaching to a fish with their sucker like mouth

• Suck out body fluids

Class Chondrichthyes

• Sharks, skates, and rays

• Entire skeleton is made of cartilage

• Pectoral and pelvic fins for swimming and males have additional fins called claspers

Class Osteichthyes

• Most diverse chordate group

• Lobe finned fishes and ray finned fishes

• Breathe through gills, covered by a flap called the operculum

• Have a swim bladder as a flotation device

• Two chambered heart and closed circulatory system

Class Amphibia

• Have gills during development, then breathes thru skin as adult

• Closed circulatory system and three chambered heart

• Many have adapted eyes and ears to live on land

Class Reptilia

• Well ossified and strong skeleton, three chambered heart, well-developed lungs

• Ectothermic, complete digestive system, well developed kidneys and nervous system

Class Aves

• Vertebrae are fused, they have a sturdy pelvic girdle, a keeled sternum, and a fused wishbones or furcula

• Complete digestive system, a crop used for storage and a stomach split into the proventriculus and gizzard

Class Mammalia

• Young are born altricial or precocial

• Presence of hair or fur, which insulates, serves as camo, and gives sensory feedback

• Possess many glands such as sweat, scent, oil, and mammary

• Four chambered heart and a respiratory system driven by a muscular diaphragm