What is another name for the cell-mediated immune response?
a) Innate immunity
b) Humoral immunity
c) Cellular immunity
d) Passive immunity
Which type of antigen requires a cell-mediated immune response?
a) Free-floating viruses
b) Extracellular bacteria
c) Intracellular pathogens
d) Fungi
Which cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Macrophages
d) Dendritic cells
T cells recognize antigens when they are:
a) Free-floating in the blood
b) Displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
c) Bound to antibodies
d) Ingested by neutrophils
What is the first step in T cell activation?
a) Binding to a free antigen
b) Releasing antibodies
c) Binding to an antigen on an APC
d) Attacking a pathogen
What is the purpose of co-stimulation in T cell activation?
a) Prevents T cells from attacking normal body cells
b) Increases inflammation
c) Enhances the function of B cells
d) Promotes antibody production
Which molecules influence T cell activation and differentiation?
a) Antibodies
b) Cytokines
c) Lipids
d) Hormones
What are cytokines?
a) Chemical messengers that influence immune responses
b) Proteins that attack pathogens
c) Antigens produced by bacteria
d) Immune suppressors
What happens to most activated T cells after an immune response?
a) They persist in circulation indefinitely
b) They undergo apoptosis
c) They become B cells
d) They transform into macrophages
What is the benefit of T cell apoptosis?
a) Prevents excessive immune responses
b) Helps B cells recognize antigens
c) Promotes long-term immunity
d) Increases the production of antibodies
What are the two major types of T cells?
a) CD4 and CD8 T cells
b) Natural killer and helper T cells
c) Plasma and memory T cells
d) Macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
What is the function of CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells?
a) Activate macrophages
b) Help B cells produce antibodies
c) Directly destroy infected or abnormal cells
d) Suppress the immune response
What is the function of CD4 (helper) T cells?
a) Directly kill infected cells
b) Help activate B and T cells
c) Attack free-floating antigens
d) Suppress inflammation
What type of T cell is essential for regulating the immune response?
a) Cytotoxic T cells
b) Memory T cells
c) Regulatory T cells
d) Natural killer cells
What would happen if there were no helper T cells?
a) B cells would function normally
b) The immune response would be severely weakened
c) Cytotoxic T cells would increase in number
d) Macrophages would become more effective
Helper T cells interact with antigen-presenting cells using:
a) CD8 proteins
b) MHC class I molecules
c) MHC class II molecules
d) B cell receptors
What molecule is released by helper T cells to stimulate the immune response?
a) Histamine
b) Interleukin-2
c) Antibodies
d) Perforin
How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?
a) They engulf them
b) They release antibodies
c) They release perforin and granzymes
d) They secrete histamine
What do perforin molecules do?
a) Suppress the immune system
b) Form pores in the target cell membrane
c) Activate B cells
d) Inhibit T cell function
Which immune cell directly destroys cancer cells?
a) Helper T cells
b) B cells
c) Cytotoxic T cells
d) Natural killer cells
What is the role of memory T cells?
a) Provide long-term immunity
b) Attack viruses
c) Suppress the immune response
d) Produce antibodies
Which T cell is involved in preventing autoimmune diseases?
a) Cytotoxic T cells
b) Regulatory T cells
c) Memory T cells
d) Helper T cells
What is the most common type of organ transplant?
a) Xenograft
b) Isograft
c) Allograft
d) Autograft
Why do transplant patients require immunosuppressive drugs?
a) To boost immune function
b) To prevent the body from rejecting the transplant
c) To increase antibody production
d) To activate cytotoxic T cells
Which immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic defect in B and T cells?
a) AIDS
b) Hodgkin’s disease
c) SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
d) Multiple sclerosis
What is the primary cause of AIDS?
a) Bacterial infection
b) HIV attacking CD4 cells
c) Autoimmune reactions
d) Overactive B cells
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is an allergy?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
What chemical is released in allergic reactions?
a) Perforin
b) Histamine
c) Interleukin-2
d) Granzymes
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that requires:
a) Antihistamines
b) Antibiotics
c) Epinephrine
d) Interferons
What is an autoimmune disease?
a) A bacterial infection
b) When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
c) When B cells fail to produce antibodies
d) A viral-induced immunodeficiency
Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?
a) Hodgkin’s disease
b) SCID
c) Type 1 diabetes
d) AIDS
What is the function of interleukins?
a) Activate and regulate immune responses
b) Destroy antigens
c) Suppress B cell function
d) Prevent inflammation
Which type of hypersensitivity is delayed and involves T cells?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
What is the hygiene hypothesis?
a) Too much exposure to bacteria weakens the immune system
b) Lack of exposure to microbes increases immune disorders
c) Clean environments prevent allergies
d) Viruses strengthen immunity
Knowt
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