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Anatomy II: Chapter 21 pt 4

  • What is another name for the cell-mediated immune response?
    a) Innate immunity
    b) Humoral immunity
    c) Cellular immunity
    d) Passive immunity

  • Which type of antigen requires a cell-mediated immune response?
    a) Free-floating viruses
    b) Extracellular bacteria
    c) Intracellular pathogens
    d) Fungi

  • Which cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?
    a) B cells
    b) T cells
    c) Macrophages
    d) Dendritic cells

  • T cells recognize antigens when they are:
    a) Free-floating in the blood
    b) Displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
    c) Bound to antibodies
    d) Ingested by neutrophils

  • What is the first step in T cell activation?
    a) Binding to a free antigen
    b) Releasing antibodies
    c) Binding to an antigen on an APC
    d) Attacking a pathogen

  • What is the purpose of co-stimulation in T cell activation?
    a) Prevents T cells from attacking normal body cells
    b) Increases inflammation
    c) Enhances the function of B cells
    d) Promotes antibody production

  • Which molecules influence T cell activation and differentiation?
    a) Antibodies
    b) Cytokines
    c) Lipids
    d) Hormones

  • What are cytokines?
    a) Chemical messengers that influence immune responses
    b) Proteins that attack pathogens
    c) Antigens produced by bacteria
    d) Immune suppressors

  • What happens to most activated T cells after an immune response?
    a) They persist in circulation indefinitely
    b) They undergo apoptosis
    c) They become B cells
    d) They transform into macrophages

  • What is the benefit of T cell apoptosis?
    a) Prevents excessive immune responses
    b) Helps B cells recognize antigens
    c) Promotes long-term immunity
    d) Increases the production of antibodies

  • What are the two major types of T cells?
    a) CD4 and CD8 T cells
    b) Natural killer and helper T cells
    c) Plasma and memory T cells
    d) Macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

  • What is the function of CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells?
    a) Activate macrophages
    b) Help B cells produce antibodies
    c) Directly destroy infected or abnormal cells
    d) Suppress the immune response

  • What is the function of CD4 (helper) T cells?
    a) Directly kill infected cells
    b) Help activate B and T cells
    c) Attack free-floating antigens
    d) Suppress inflammation

  • What type of T cell is essential for regulating the immune response?
    a) Cytotoxic T cells
    b) Memory T cells
    c) Regulatory T cells
    d) Natural killer cells

  • What would happen if there were no helper T cells?
    a) B cells would function normally
    b) The immune response would be severely weakened
    c) Cytotoxic T cells would increase in number
    d) Macrophages would become more effective

  • Helper T cells interact with antigen-presenting cells using:
    a) CD8 proteins
    b) MHC class I molecules
    c) MHC class II molecules
    d) B cell receptors

  • What molecule is released by helper T cells to stimulate the immune response?
    a) Histamine
    b) Interleukin-2
    c) Antibodies
    d) Perforin

  • How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?
    a) They engulf them
    b) They release antibodies
    c) They release perforin and granzymes
    d) They secrete histamine

  • What do perforin molecules do?
    a) Suppress the immune system
    b) Form pores in the target cell membrane
    c) Activate B cells
    d) Inhibit T cell function

  • Which immune cell directly destroys cancer cells?
    a) Helper T cells
    b) B cells
    c) Cytotoxic T cells
    d) Natural killer cells

  • What is the role of memory T cells?
    a) Provide long-term immunity
    b) Attack viruses
    c) Suppress the immune response
    d) Produce antibodies

  • Which T cell is involved in preventing autoimmune diseases?
    a) Cytotoxic T cells
    b) Regulatory T cells
    c) Memory T cells
    d) Helper T cells

  • What is the most common type of organ transplant?
    a) Xenograft
    b) Isograft
    c) Allograft
    d) Autograft

  • Why do transplant patients require immunosuppressive drugs?
    a) To boost immune function
    b) To prevent the body from rejecting the transplant
    c) To increase antibody production
    d) To activate cytotoxic T cells

  • Which immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic defect in B and T cells?
    a) AIDS
    b) Hodgkin’s disease
    c) SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
    d) Multiple sclerosis

  • What is the primary cause of AIDS?
    a) Bacterial infection
    b) HIV attacking CD4 cells
    c) Autoimmune reactions
    d) Overactive B cells

  • Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is an allergy?
    a) Type I
    b) Type II
    c) Type III
    d) Type IV

  • What chemical is released in allergic reactions?
    a) Perforin
    b) Histamine
    c) Interleukin-2
    d) Granzymes

  • Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that requires:
    a) Antihistamines
    b) Antibiotics
    c) Epinephrine
    d) Interferons

  • What is an autoimmune disease?
    a) A bacterial infection
    b) When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
    c) When B cells fail to produce antibodies
    d) A viral-induced immunodeficiency

  • Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?
    a) Hodgkin’s disease
    b) SCID
    c) Type 1 diabetes
    d) AIDS

  • What is the function of interleukins?
    a) Activate and regulate immune responses
    b) Destroy antigens
    c) Suppress B cell function
    d) Prevent inflammation

  • Which type of hypersensitivity is delayed and involves T cells?
    a) Type I
    b) Type II
    c) Type III
    d) Type IV

  • What is the hygiene hypothesis?
    a) Too much exposure to bacteria weakens the immune system
    b) Lack of exposure to microbes increases immune disorders
    c) Clean environments prevent allergies
    d) Viruses strengthen immunity