Chapter 6 - Research Methodologies

Introduction to Research Methodologies

  • Chapter 6 of Williams’ book introduces key research methodologies.

  • The focus here is on building a foundational understanding of qualitative and quantitative methods.

  • More details will be provided throughout the course.

Key Research Designs

Qualitative Methods

  • Involves data collection through words, observations, and visuals.

  • Examples include:

    • Field Research: Observing in natural settings.

    • Intensive Interviews: In-depth discussions with individuals.

    • Focus Groups: Small group discussions guided by a facilitator.

  • Analysis Strategies:

    • Thematic Coding: Identifying recurring themes in textual data (transcripts).

    • Narrative and content analysis: Interpreting qualitative data without numerical application.

  • Qualitative methods are beneficial for exploring unexplored areas where quantitative measures are premature.

Quantitative Methods

  • Involves data collection resulting in numerical data (statistics).

  • Examples include:

    • Surveys: Questionnaires providing numerical data.

    • Experiments: Controlled settings to test cause-effect relationships.

  • Analysis Strategies:

    • Statistical analysis using software for numerical data interpretation.

  • Quantitative methods are often broader, focusing on larger sample sizes but may lack depth compared to qualitative methods.

Mixed Methods Approach

  • Combines both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of a research topic.

  • Example: Focus groups develop themes that can inform survey questions for broader quantitative analysis.

Common Data Collection Techniques

Qualitative Techniques

  • Focus Groups: Small group discussions that produce audio recordings and transcriptions.

  • Field Research: Observations documented through field notes, including ethnographies and participant observations.

  • Interviews:

    • Open-ended (qualitative) vs. Closed-ended (quantitative) questions.

Quantitative Techniques

  • Surveys: Administered at one point (cross-sectional) or over time (longitudinal) to assess changes.

  • Experiments:

    • True experiments require random assignment and include pre and post testing of variables.

    • Quasi-experiments lack random assignment but still utilize treatment and control groups.

Choosing Research Methods

  • Select methods based on research goals, feasibility, and the researcher’s skills.

  • Consideration of available resources and access to populations is crucial in methodology selection.

  • Collaboration or learning new methods may enhance research effectiveness.

Conclusion

  • Understanding both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies is essential for effective research design.

  • Questions and discussions about project methodologies are encouraged as the class progresses.