Hypertonic Solution
Characterized by a high concentration of solute and low concentration of water.
Effect on Cells: Water exits the cell, resulting in cell shrinkage.
Red Blood Cells: Cells shrivel due to water loss (termed crenation).
Plasma Membrane: The cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall, a condition referred to as plasmolysis.
Crenate: Describes the shrunken state of cells in a hypertonic solution.
Turgor: The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in a plant cell, maintaining its shape and firmness.
Osmoregulate: Mechanisms employed by organisms to maintain water balance.
Definition: Movement of molecules across a membrane using energy (ATP).
Types of Active Transport:
Uses specific proteins to move substances:
Uniport: Transports one type of substance in one direction.
Symport: Transports two different substances in one direction.
Antiport: Transports two different substances in opposite directions.
Vesicle Transport: Movement of materials via vesicles:
Endocytosis: The process of bringing materials into the cell by forming vesicles.
Types of Endocytosis:
Phagocytosis: Engulfment of solids (e.g., white blood cells (lymphocytes) engulfing bacteria).
Pinocytosis: Engulfment of liquids.
Refers to how chloroplasts and mitochondria may have entered early eukaryotic cells as independent prokaryotic organisms, contributing to the development of more complex life.
Function: Increases surface area for absorption of nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins).
Aids in digestion and absorption processes.
A visual tool for organizing information and facilitating study.
Example: Linking cell types (e.g., prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic) and their unique features.