9.1: Molecular Shapes

shape of an atom is determined by its bond angles

linear- bond angle 180

bent- bond angle less than 180

trigonal planar- central atom lies on the same plane

trigonal pyramidal- central atom lies above

9.2: VESPR Model

electron domain is the region is which electrons are most likely to be found

• The best arrangement of given number of electron domains is the one that minimizes electron repulsions

arrangement of electron domains around the central atom is its electron-domain geometry

arrangement of only the atoms in a molecule is its molecular geometry

trigonal pyramidal bond angle- 109.5

lone pairs take up more space, pushing the bonds closer together

multiple bonds exert greater repulsive force on adjacent electron domains

9.3: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

as the difference in electronegativity between two atoms increases so does the bond polarity

if dipole moment is equal in charge but in opposite directions then the substance is nonpolar

9.4: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

overlap of orbitals allows two electrons of opposite spin to share the same space between the nuclei forming a covalent bond

9.5: Hybrid Orbitals

atomic orbitals on an atom mix to form hybrid orbitals

sp hybrid orbitals-- BeF2

linear sp

trigonal planar- sp2

tetrahedral-sp3

9.6: Multiple Bonds

sideways overlap= pi bond

through the nuclie overlap= sigma bond