Chemistry Paper 1 Topics

Proton charge= +1

Neutron charge = 0

Electron charge = -1

What makes up the nucleus of an atom? : Protons and Neutrons

Which particles have a relative mass of 1: Protons and Neutrons

Which sub-atomic particle does not have a charge: Neutron

What do we call an atom that has a positive or negative charge: An Ion

Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers

Mass number: Total number of Proton and Neutron

Molecule: When it is made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Compound: A substance made from two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.

Mixture: Contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Solvent: A liquid in which substances can dissolve. E.g. Water

Soluble: Solid substances that can dissolve in liquids

Insoluble: Solids that cannot dissolve

Filtration: A process where solid particles in a liquid are removed

Crystallisation: A process of forming solid crystals from a solution by allowing the solvent to evaporate slowly.

Fractional Distillation: A mixture of liquids is boiled and the resulting vapours travel through the fractionating column” and separates

Distillation: A process used to separate liquids based on their boiling points.

Catalyst: A substance that can speed up a chemical reaction without being used up

Electrostatic force: Attractive or Repulsive forces between particles from their electric charge

Metallic bonding: Strong attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons

Ionic bonding: The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal

Covalent bonding: Sharing of electron pairs between two non-metal atoms to achieve a full outer shell.

Alloy: A metal combined with one or more elements

Melting: Solid to Liquid.

Freezing: Liquid to Solid.

Vapourisation: Liquid to Gas.

Condensation: Gas to Liquid.

Deposition: Gas to Solid.

Sublimation: Solid to gas.

pH scale 1-7: Acidic

pH scale 8:14: Alkaline

Oxidation: Gain of oxygen

Reduction: Loss of oxygen

Oxidation (Electrons): Lose of electrons

Reduction (Electrons): Gain of electrons

Electrolysis: Using electricity to break down electrolytes to form elements.

Positive electrode: Anode

Negative electrode: Cathode

Cathode: A reduction reaction occurs because they gain electrons

Anode: An oxidation reaction occurs because they lose electrons

Electrolyte: A substance that conducts electricity through the movements of ions

Exothermic reaction: A reaction that releases thermal energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic reaction: A reaction that takes in thermal energy from the surroundings.