2110 Chapter 8 (1) History
Chapter 7.3: The New Nation Takes Form: Washington and Adams
Page 1: Introduction
Title of the chapter highlighting the formation of the new nation under Washington and Adams.
Page 2: The Washington Administration
First Congress met quorum on April 6, 1789.
Election results:
George Washington received unanimous electoral votes for President.
John Adams elected as Vice-President.
Electoral votes distribution:
Washington: every elector's vote.
Adams: 34 votes, John Jay: 9, Robert H. Harrison: 6, John Rutledge: 6, John Hancock: 4, George Clinton: 3, Samuel Huntington: 2, John Milton: 2, James Armstrong: 1, Benjamin Lincoln: 1, Edward Telfair: 1.
Page 3: Washington's Inauguration Ceremony
Date: April 30, 1789.
Location: Federal Hall, New York City.
Page 4: (Empty)
Page 5: Washington and His Cabinet
Page 6: Thomas Jefferson
Position: First Secretary of State.
Role: Foreign Minister to France.
Background: Governor of Virginia, State Legislator.
Notable collaborations: Close friendship with James Madison, involved in writing the Declaration of Independence, and The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.
Page 7: Alexander Hamilton
Position: First Secretary of the Treasury.
Contributions: Co-author of the Federalist Papers, delegate to the Constitutional Convention, served as Chief of Staff to Washington.
Background: Born in the British West Indies.
Page 8: John Jay
Position: First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Role: Foreign Ambassador to Spain.
Contributions: Co-author of the Federalist Papers, instrumental in the Treaty of Paris (1783).
Page 9: The Bill of Rights
Context: Federalists assured anti-Federalists of amendments to protect individual liberties.
James Madison: Proposed 26 amendments; 17 approved by the House, 12 by the Senate, and 10 ratified by states in 1792.
Page 10 to 19: Amendments Overview
Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Amendment II: Right to keep and bear arms.
Amendment III: Limitations on quartering soldiers during peace.
Amendment IV: Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Amendment V: Rights concerning legal proceedings and due process.
Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial and counsel.
Amendment VII: Right to jury trials in civil cases over twenty dollars.
Amendment VIII: Prohibitions against excessive bail and cruel punishments.
Amendment IX: Enumeration of rights does not deny other rights retained by the people.
Amendment X: Powers not delegated to the U.S. nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or the people.
Page 20: Economic Resurgence
Key Areas:
Agriculture (wheat and cotton),
Improvements in transportation (road building),
Growth of commercial banking (stock-backed banknotes, loans).
Page 21: Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
Invention: The cotton gin, invented in 1793, revolutionized cotton production.
Page 22: Map of Travel Times from New York City in 1800
Overview of travel times to various cities; shows the growing importance of transportation networks.
Page 23: Paying Off Debt
Background: U.S. owed $52 million to creditors.
Hamilton's recommendation: Debt should be funded, not immediately repaid, ensuring bondholders had a stake in the government.
Quote: "A national debt if not excessive will to us a national blessing."
Page 24: The Assumption Plan
Full value of old war bonds honored, federal government assumed states' debts.
Old securities swapped for new, aimed at paying off foreigners first.
Revenue raised through customs duties and an excise tax on whiskey.
Page 25: The Whiskey Rebellion
Excise tax: 25% on whiskey sparked protests from farmers.
Evasion of tax led to unrest; protesters threatened tax collectors.
Washington and Hamilton mobilized a militia of 13,000 men to disperse the protest.
Page 27: Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Key Issues:
French Revolution, pro-French sentiment, and U.S. neutrality.
Jay Treaty addressed British relations.
Page 28 to 30: Events Leading to the Proclamation of Neutrality
Significant events: Uprisings in France (Storming of the Bastille, 1792) and the executions of monarchy figures.
Page 31: Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
Developed due to the conflict between France and Britain.
Washington aimed to avoid involvement in foreign wars.
Over 300 American ships captured by the British navy in 1793-1794.
Page 32: Jay Treaty, 1796
Negotiated by John Jay in 1794.
Goals: Compensation for ship damages, reimbursement for slaves, British evacuation of forts.
Outcomes: Trading rights secured and set terms for boundary disputes.
Page 33: Political Parties Emerge
Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton. (Strong national government, pro-commerce, loose interpretation of the Constitution).
Democratic-Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson. (Emphasized agriculture, states' rights, strict interpretation).
Page 34 to 36: Political Party Profiles
Federalists: Supported strong central government, high tariffs, and aligned with Britain.
Democratic-Republicans: Favored agriculture, state governance, supported France.
Page 37: The Adams Presidency
Quasi-War with France: Involvement in conflicts without formal war declaration.
Key legislation: The Sedition Act and Alien Acts impacting civil liberties.
Page 38: Jefferson's Warning
Quote: “A government big enough to give you everything you want is strong enough to take everything you have.”
Page 39: Washington's Farewell Address
Warnings against: Political parties and the dangers of factionalism.
Emphasized the importance of religion and morality for political prosperity.
Page 40: Washington's Address Denouncing Political Parties
Discussed the divisive nature of political factions and their potential harm to governance.
Page 41: The Election of 1796
Candidates:
John Adams (Pro-British) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Pro-French).
Results: Adams won with 71 votes, Jefferson became Vice-President with 68 votes.
Page 42: Adams’ Foreign Affairs
France's hostile actions toward U.S. shipping and diplomatic relations.
Growing discussions among Federalists for potential war with France.
Page 43: The XYZ Affair
American ambassadors offered bribes for negotiations, leading to public outrage and heightened nationalism.
Page 44: Civic Feast
(Context not provided; could refer to celebrations related to political events.)
Page 45: The Quasi-War
U.S. navy protected merchant ships; a period of undeclared conflict with France (1798-1800).
Page 46 to 48: Sedition and Alien Acts
Sedition Act (1789): Punished criticism against the government.
Alien Acts: Extended citizenship waiting period; enabled deportation of foreigners.
Page 49: Democratic-Republican Response
Argued Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Bill of Rights; state resolutions asserting nullification rights.
Page 50: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798
Asserted states' rights to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
Connection of these ideas to Tenth Amendment and responses to federal overreach.
Page 51: Peace Negotiations with France
Adams pursued peace; resolution of the Quasi War by 1800.
Page 52: Election of 1800
Brief overview of contrasting ideologies:
Federalists: rule by wealthy, loose interpretation of Constitution.
Democratic-Republicans: emphasis on agriculture, strict constitutionalism.
Page 53: Election Results Overview
Complex electoral dynamics prior to the 12th Amendment changes, with critical ties leading to House decision for the presidency.
Chapter 7.3: Formation of the New Nation under Washington and Adams
The Washington Administration
First Congress met on April 6, 1789.
George Washington: Unanimous electoral votes as President; John Adams: 34 votes as Vice-President.
Washington's Inauguration
Date: April 30, 1789, Location: Federal Hall, NYC.
Washington's Cabinet
Thomas Jefferson: First Secretary of State, Foreign Minister to France.
Alexander Hamilton: First Secretary of the Treasury, co-author of the Federalist Papers.
John Jay: First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, instrumental in Treaty of Paris.
The Bill of Rights
Proposed by James Madison; 10 out of 26 amendments ratified in 1792 to protect individual liberties.
Economic Resurgence
Key Areas: Agriculture (wheat/cotton), improved transportation, growth of commercial banking.
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793) revolutionized cotton production.
Paying Off Debt
Hamilton's plan to fund debts; quote: "A national debt if not excessive will to us a national blessing."
The Whiskey Rebellion
Protests against excise tax on whiskey led to mobilization of 13,000 men by Washington and Hamilton.
Political Parties Emerge
Federalists (Hamilton) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson).
The Adams Presidency
Quasi-War with France; Sedition and Alien Acts impacted civil liberties.
XYZ Affair escalated nationalism.
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned against political parties and emphasized religion and morality.
Election of 1796
Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became Vice-President with 68 votes.