2110 Chapter 8 (1) History

Chapter 7.3: The New Nation Takes Form: Washington and Adams

Page 1: Introduction

• Title of the chapter highlighting the formation of the new nation under Washington and Adams.

Page 2: The Washington Administration

• First Congress met quorum on April 6, 1789.

• Election results:

  • George Washington received unanimous electoral votes for President.

  • John Adams elected as Vice-President.

• Electoral votes distribution:

  • Washington: every elector's vote.

  • Adams: 34 votes, John Jay: 9, Robert H. Harrison: 6, John Rutledge: 6, John Hancock: 4, George Clinton: 3, Samuel Huntington: 2, John Milton: 2, James Armstrong: 1, Benjamin Lincoln: 1, Edward Telfair: 1.

Page 3: Washington's Inauguration Ceremony

• Date: April 30, 1789.

• Location: Federal Hall, New York City.

Page 4: (Empty)

Page 5: Washington and His Cabinet

Page 6: Thomas Jefferson

• Position: First Secretary of State.

• Role: Foreign Minister to France.

• Background: Governor of Virginia, State Legislator.

• Notable collaborations: Close friendship with James Madison, involved in writing the Declaration of Independence, and The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.

Page 7: Alexander Hamilton

• Position: First Secretary of the Treasury.

• Contributions: Co-author of the Federalist Papers, delegate to the Constitutional Convention, served as Chief of Staff to Washington.

• Background: Born in the British West Indies.

Page 8: John Jay

• Position: First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

• Role: Foreign Ambassador to Spain.

• Contributions: Co-author of the Federalist Papers, instrumental in the Treaty of Paris (1783).

Page 9: The Bill of Rights

• Context: Federalists assured anti-Federalists of amendments to protect individual liberties.

• James Madison: Proposed 26 amendments; 17 approved by the House, 12 by the Senate, and 10 ratified by states in 1792.

Page 10 to 19: Amendments Overview

• Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

• Amendment II: Right to keep and bear arms.

• Amendment III: Limitations on quartering soldiers during peace.

• Amendment IV: Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

• Amendment V: Rights concerning legal proceedings and due process.

• Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial and counsel.

• Amendment VII: Right to jury trials in civil cases over twenty dollars.

• Amendment VIII: Prohibitions against excessive bail and cruel punishments.

• Amendment IX: Enumeration of rights does not deny other rights retained by the people.

• Amendment X: Powers not delegated to the U.S. nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or the people.

Page 20: Economic Resurgence

• Key Areas:

  • Agriculture (wheat and cotton),

  • Improvements in transportation (road building),

  • Growth of commercial banking (stock-backed banknotes, loans).

Page 21: Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• Invention: The cotton gin, invented in 1793, revolutionized cotton production.

Page 22: Map of Travel Times from New York City in 1800

• Overview of travel times to various cities; shows the growing importance of transportation networks.

Page 23: Paying Off Debt

• Background: U.S. owed $52 million to creditors.

• Hamilton's recommendation: Debt should be funded, not immediately repaid, ensuring bondholders had a stake in the government.

• Quote: "A national debt if not excessive will to us a national blessing."

Page 24: The Assumption Plan

• Full value of old war bonds honored, federal government assumed states' debts.

• Old securities swapped for new, aimed at paying off foreigners first.

• Revenue raised through customs duties and an excise tax on whiskey.

Page 25: The Whiskey Rebellion

• Excise tax: 25% on whiskey sparked protests from farmers.

• Evasion of tax led to unrest; protesters threatened tax collectors.

• Washington and Hamilton mobilized a militia of 13,000 men to disperse the protest.

Page 27: Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars

• Key Issues:

  • French Revolution, pro-French sentiment, and U.S. neutrality.

  • Jay Treaty addressed British relations.

Page 28 to 30: Events Leading to the Proclamation of Neutrality

• Significant events: Uprisings in France (Storming of the Bastille, 1792) and the executions of monarchy figures.

Page 31: Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

• Developed due to the conflict between France and Britain.

• Washington aimed to avoid involvement in foreign wars.

• Over 300 American ships captured by the British navy in 1793-1794.

Page 32: Jay Treaty, 1796

• Negotiated by John Jay in 1794.

• Goals: Compensation for ship damages, reimbursement for slaves, British evacuation of forts.

• Outcomes: Trading rights secured and set terms for boundary disputes.

Page 33: Political Parties Emerge

• Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton. (Strong national government, pro-commerce, loose interpretation of the Constitution).

• Democratic-Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson. (Emphasized agriculture, states' rights, strict interpretation).

Page 34 to 36: Political Party Profiles

• Federalists: Supported strong central government, high tariffs, and aligned with Britain.

• Democratic-Republicans: Favored agriculture, state governance, supported France.

Page 37: The Adams Presidency

• Quasi-War with France: Involvement in conflicts without formal war declaration.

• Key legislation: The Sedition Act and Alien Acts impacting civil liberties.

Page 38: Jefferson's Warning

• Quote: “A government big enough to give you everything you want is strong enough to take everything you have.”

Page 39: Washington's Farewell Address

• Warnings against: Political parties and the dangers of factionalism.

• Emphasized the importance of religion and morality for political prosperity.

Page 40: Washington's Address Denouncing Political Parties

• Discussed the divisive nature of political factions and their potential harm to governance.

Page 41: The Election of 1796

• Candidates:

  • John Adams (Pro-British) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Pro-French).

• Results: Adams won with 71 votes, Jefferson became Vice-President with 68 votes.

Page 42: Adams’ Foreign Affairs

• France's hostile actions toward U.S. shipping and diplomatic relations.

• Growing discussions among Federalists for potential war with France.

Page 43: The XYZ Affair

• American ambassadors offered bribes for negotiations, leading to public outrage and heightened nationalism.

Page 44: Civic Feast

• (Context not provided; could refer to celebrations related to political events.)

Page 45: The Quasi-War

• U.S. navy protected merchant ships; a period of undeclared conflict with France (1798-1800).

Page 46 to 48: Sedition and Alien Acts

• Sedition Act (1789): Punished criticism against the government.

• Alien Acts: Extended citizenship waiting period; enabled deportation of foreigners.

Page 49: Democratic-Republican Response

• Argued Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Bill of Rights; state resolutions asserting nullification rights.

Page 50: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

• Asserted states' rights to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

• Connection of these ideas to Tenth Amendment and responses to federal overreach.

Page 51: Peace Negotiations with France

• Adams pursued peace; resolution of the Quasi War by 1800.

Page 52: Election of 1800

• Brief overview of contrasting ideologies:

  • Federalists: rule by wealthy, loose interpretation of Constitution.

  • Democratic-Republicans: emphasis on agriculture, strict constitutionalism.

Page 53: Election Results Overview

• Complex electoral dynamics prior to the 12th Amendment changes, with critical ties leading to House decision for the presidency.

Chapter 7.3: Formation of the New Nation under Washington and Adams

The Washington Administration

• First Congress met on April 6, 1789.

• George Washington: Unanimous electoral votes as President; John Adams: 34 votes as Vice-President.

Washington's Inauguration

• Date: April 30, 1789, Location: Federal Hall, NYC.

Washington's Cabinet

• Thomas Jefferson: First Secretary of State, Foreign Minister to France.

• Alexander Hamilton: First Secretary of the Treasury, co-author of the Federalist Papers.

• John Jay: First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, instrumental in Treaty of Paris.

The Bill of Rights

• Proposed by James Madison; 10 out of 26 amendments ratified in 1792 to protect individual liberties.

Economic Resurgence

• Key Areas: Agriculture (wheat/cotton), improved transportation, growth of commercial banking.

• Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793) revolutionized cotton production.

Paying Off Debt

• Hamilton's plan to fund debts; quote: "A national debt if not excessive will to us a national blessing."

The Whiskey Rebellion

• Protests against excise tax on whiskey led to mobilization of 13,000 men by Washington and Hamilton.

Political Parties Emerge

• Federalists (Hamilton) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson).

The Adams Presidency

• Quasi-War with France; Sedition and Alien Acts impacted civil liberties.

• XYZ Affair escalated nationalism.

Washington's Farewell Address

• Warned against political parties and emphasized religion and morality.

Election of 1796

• Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became Vice-President with 68 votes.